Table 1 Food environment exposure metrics compared in this study, and precedent for their use in the literature

1000 population

Density of food outlets per 1000 population/per km², per LSOA

O’Dwyer & Coveney [25] | Maddock [26] | Mehta & Chang [27] Ball et al.[6] | Moore & Diez Roux [28] | Chou et al.[29] Mobley et al.[30] | Simmons et al.[31] Sturm & Datar [32] Black et al.[33] | Powell et al.[34] | Burgoine et al.[10] Cummins et al.[35] | Reidpath et al.[36] | Macdonald et al.[37] Macdonald et al.[16]

km²

Block et al.[38] | Maddock [26] | Moore and Diez Roux [28]

LSOA centroid

Density per buffer at:

400 m Euclidean radius

Counts of food outlets within 400/800/1000 m Euclidean radius buffers from population-weighted centroids of LSOA

Austin et al.^c[39] | Currie et al.^c[40]

800 m Euclidean radius

Austin et al.^c[39] | Jeffery et al.^c[41] | Laraia et al.^c[42] Timperio et al.^c[43] | Currie et al.^c[40] Spence et al.^c[44]

1000 m Euclidean radius

Apparicio et al.[11] | Smoyer-Tomic et al.[45] | Seliske et al.^c[46]

400 m Street Network

Counts of food outlets within 400/800/1000 m street network buffers from population-weighted centroids of LSOA

Smith et al.^c[47]

800 m Street Network

Smoyer-Tomic et al.[50] | Harrison et al.[48]

1000 m Street Network

Larsen & Gilliland^c[49] | Seliske et al.[46]

Proximity using:

Euclidean distance

Euclidean or street network distance (m) from LSOA population-weighted centroids to nearest food outlet

Apparicio et al.[11] | Winkler et al.[12] | Bodor et al.[13]

Street network distance

Zenk et al.^b[14] | Pearce et al.[15] | Macdonald et al.[16] | Smith et al.[17] Pearce et al.[18] | Sharkey et al.[19] | Pearce et al.^d[20] Sharkey & Horel [21] | Block et al.^c[24] | Burdette & Whitaker [22] | Frank et al.^c[23]