Table 1 Variables used to measure marginalization dimensions, with hypothesized sign of loadings
ID | Indicator | Hypothesized loading sign |
|---|---|---|
Residential instability | ||
 1 | % of living alone (R1) | + |
 2 | % of youth population aged 5–15 (R2) | − |
 3 | Crowding: average number of persons per dwelling (R3) | − |
 4 | % of multi-unit housing (R4) | + |
 5 | % of the population that is married/common-law (R5) | − |
 6 | % of dwellings that are owned (R6) | − |
 7 | % of residential mobility (same house as 5 years ago) (R7) | + |
Material deprivation | ||
 8 | % 25+ without certificate, diploma, or degree (M1) | + |
 9 | % of lone-parent families (M2) | + |
 10 | % of government transfer payment (M3) | + |
 11 | % of unemployment 15+ (M4) | + |
 12 | % of below low income cut-off (M5) | + |
 13 | % of homes needing major repair (M6) | + |
Dependency | ||
 14 | % of seniors (65+) (D1) | + |
 15 | Dependency ratio [(0–14) + (65+)]/(15–64) (D2) | + |
 16 | Labor force participation rate (aged 15+) (D3) | − |
Ethnic concentration | ||
 17 | % of 5-year recent immigrants (E1) | + |
 18 | % of visible minority (E2) | + |