Racial differences in the built environment—body mass index relationship? A geospatial analysis of adolescents in urban neighborhoods

Duncan, Dustin T; Castro, Marcia C; Gortmaker, Steven L; Aldstadt, Jared; Melly, Steven J; Bennett, Gary G

doi:10.1186/1476-072X-11-11

Table 3 Spatial Error Model Estimation of the Relationship Between Built Environment Features and BMI z-score, 800-meter Network Buffer ^a

From: Racial differences in the built environment—body mass index relationship? A geospatial analysis of adolescents in urban neighborhoods

Access to Walking Destinations			Community Design Attributes
	Coefficient	SE		Coefficient	SE
A. Recreational open space (density)			A. Median pedestrian route directness
Model 1			Model 1
A: Total Sample	−0.027	0.017	A: Total Sample	−0.384	0.243
Model 2			Model 2
A: White	−0.005	0.039	A: White	−1.124	0.757
A X Black	0.011	0.046	A X Black	0.938	0.860
A X Hispanic	−0.036	0.044	A X Hispanic	0.765	0.837
A X Asian	−0.098~	0.059	A X Asian	0.798	1.242
A X Other	−0.018	0.063	A X Other	0.644	1.259
B. Parks (density)			B. Intersection density
Model 1			Model 1
B: Total Sample	0.034	0.030	B: Total Sample	0.000	0.002
Model 2			Model 2
B: White	−0.035	0.072	B: White	0.001	0.003
B X Black	0.155~	0.085	B X Black	0.003	0.004
B X Hispanic	−0.009	0.085	B X Hispanic	−0.003	0.004
B X Asian	0.085	0.104	B X Asian	−0.005	0.005
B X Other	0.163	0.124	B X Other	0.001	0.006
C. Bus stops (density)			C. Sidewalk completeness
Model 1			Model 1
C: Total Sample	0.004	0.005	C: Total Sample	0.010*	0.004
Model 2			Model 2
C: White	0.029*	0.016	C: White	0.015	0.010
C X Black	−0.027~	0.016	C X Black	−0.004	0.011
C X Hispanic	−0.029~	0.016	C X Hispanic	−0.013	0.012
C X Asian	−0.015	0.020	C X Asian	0.005	0.016
C X Other	−0.038~	0.023	C X Other	0.007	0.019
D. Subway stops (density)			D. Average sidewalk width
Model 1			Model 1
D: Total Sample	−0.039	0.034	D: Total Sample	0.267~	0.145
Model 2			Model 2
D: White	−0.020	0.085	D: White	0.567~	0.321
D X Black	−0.007	0.103	D X Black	−0.156	0.378
D X Hispanic	0.019	0.101	D X Hispanic	−0.582	0.389
D X Asian	−0.063	0.098	D X Asian	−0.561	0.480
D X Other	−0.052	0.116	D X Other	−0.022	0.645
E. Retail destinations (density)			E. Average speed limit
Model 1			Model 1
E: Total Sample	−0.001	0.002	E: Total Sample	−0.029	0.035
Model 2			Model 2
E: White	0.007	0.006	E: White	0.127	0.106
E X Black	−0.011	0.008	E X Black	−0.208~	0.119
E X Hispanic	−0.003	0.007	E X Hispanic	−0.112	0.117
E X Asian	−0.014*	0.007	E X Asian	−0.203~	0.123
E X Other	−0.013	0.013	E X Other	−0.167	0.161
F. Service destinations (density)			F. Highway density
Model 1			Model 1
F: Total Sample	−0.007	0.009	F: Total Sample	−0.017	0.020
Model 2			Model 2
F: White	0.012	0.013	F: White	0.017	0.042
F X Black	−0.055	0.034	F X Black	−0.059	0.070
F X Hispanic	−0.015	0.031	F X Hispanic	−0.039	0.054
F X Asian	−0.036~	0.020	F X Asian	−0.040	0.052
F X Other	−0.088	0.060	F X Other	−0.060	0.105
G. Cultural/educational destinations (density)			G. Residential density
Model 1			Model 1
G: Total Sample	0.001	0.003	G: Total Sample	0.000	0.000
Model 2			Model 2
G: White	0.006	0.007	G: White	0.000	0.000
G X Black	−0.002	0.009	G X Black	−0.000	0.001
G X Hispanic	−0.002	0.010	G X Hispanic	−0.000	0.001
G X Asian	−0.013	0.008	G X Asian	−0.001	0.001
G X Other	−0.008	0.017	G X Other	−0.000	0.001

SE =Standard Error
~ p < 0.10; * p < 0.05 (bold); ** p < 0.01 (bold).
^a Model 1 estimates the association between the built environment and BMI z-score among the total sample; Model 2 estimates the studied association and includes an interaction for race/ethnicity. For each model, we evaluate the estimated effect of each built environment feature separately. All models are adjusted for individual-level race/ethnicity, individual-level gender, individual-level age, individual-level nativity, individual-level family structure (other youth in household), neighborhood-level percent of Black residents, neighborhood-level percent of Hispanic residents, neighborhood-level percent of households below poverty and neighborhood-level percent foreign born for the 800-street network buffer. Regression estimates are also controlled for school using indicator variables.
Note: All density measures are expressed as per square kilometer.

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