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Table 2 Communities characteristics and access to pharmacy by community poverty level

From: Medication deserts: survey of neighborhood disparities in availability of prescription medications

Community characteristics

Community federal poverty level (range)

 

High poverty

Medium poverty

Low poverty

ANOVA result

Total number of surveyed communities in outer boroughs(n)

43

67

17

 

Total pharmacy density per 1,000 residents outer Boroughs (mean ± SD)

0.51 (± 0.35)

0.62 (± 0.51)

0.35(± 0.17)

p=0.0211

Density of independent pharmacies per 1,000 residents except Manhattan (mean ± SD)

0.39 (± 0.30)

0.40 (± 0.39)

0.13 (± 0.21)

0.0152

Density of chain pharmacies per 1,000 residents except Manhattan (mean ± SD)

0.06 (± 0.13)

0.22 (± 0.19)

0.17 (± 0.19)

p=0.0022

% Households without car (mean ± SD)

75.57 (± 8.02)

51.22 (± 20.17)

30.35 (± 22.55)

p<0.0012

% Non-Hispanic Black residents (mean ± SD)

28.98 (± 21.97)

19.09 (± 0.17)

14.76 (± 29.13)

p=0.06

% Hispanic residents (mean ± SD)

53.91 (± 22.77)

27.61 (± 23.93)

8.35(± 4.81)

p<0.0012

Median Annual Household Income (in US Dollars)

21,419(± 6352)

45,768 (± 16008)

85,177 (± 16265)

p<0.001

Total number of surveyed communities in Manhattan (n)

10

7

23

 

Total pharmacy density per 1,000 residents in Manhattan (mean ± SD)

0.68 (± 0.37)

0.24 (± 0.10)

0.51 (± 0.38)

p=0.0021

Density of independent pharmacies per 1,000 residents in Manhattan (mean ± SD)

0.43 (± 0.3)

0.21 (± 0.10)

0.10 (± 0.14)

p=0.0071

Density of chain pharmacies per 1,000 residents in Manhattan (mean ± SD)

0.25 (± 0.29)

0.01 (± 0.04)

0.38 (± 0.39)

p<.0014

% Households without car (mean ± SD)

77.84 (± 6.15)

78.35 (± 5.05)

72.87 (± 7.35)

p=0.068

% Non-Hispanic Black residents (mean ± SD)

32.00 (± 26.95)

34.29 (± 29.81)

1.57 (± 1.16)

p=0.0053

% Hispanic residents (mean ± SD)

51.80 (± 31.62)

37.14 (± 20.65)

4.78 (± 1.57)

p<0.0011

Median Annual Household Income in Manhattan (in US Dollars)

30,255 (± 11645)

42,182 (± 20408)

11,8358 (± 28982)

p<0.0011

  1. 1Pairwise comparisons among the means of Communities with all three levels of poverty statistically significant.
  2. 2ANOVA was statistically significant and so was pairwise comparison of High vs Medium Poverty Communities.
  3. 3ANOVA was statistically significant and so was pairwise comparison of Low vs Medium Poverty Communities.
  4. 4ANOVA was statistically significant and so was pairwise comparison of High vs Low Poverty Communities.