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Table 1 Cohort participant characteristics, by race and southeastern residence duration categories

From: Association of duration of residence in the southeastern United States with chronic kidney disease may differ by race: the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study

Southeastern residence duration:

White

Black

 

Total

None

<Half

≥Half

All

Total

None

<Half

≥Half

All

N (%)

16,381

5,851 (35.7)

2,447 (14.9)

3,509 (21.4)

4,574 (27.5)

10,689

2,885 (27.0)

2,566 (24.0)

1,626 (15.2)

3,612 (33.8)

Demographic

          

Mean age in years (SD)

65.5 (9.5)

65.9 (9.7)

65.5 (9.1)

65.4 (9.1)

65.1 (9.5)

64.1 (9.2)

64.4 (9.4)

66.1 (8.8)

62.5 (8.7)

63.0 (9.2)

% female

50.5

47.4

44.1

52.0

56.6

63.9

63.3

59.4

61.6

68.7

Socioeconomic status

          

% college graduate

41.4

45.8

50.7

42.7

29.6

26.2

28.8

24.4

30.1

23.7

Annual income

          

% < $35,000

34.4

32.3

29.3

35.0

39.6

52.8

49.4

51.7

51.8

57.0

% ≥ $35,000

53.4

55.6

59.8

53.7

47.0

34.7

38.9

36.6

37.6

28.8

% refused

12.1

12.1

11.0

11.3

13.3

12.4

11.8

11.8

10.7

14.2

Residence

          

% 5+ lifetime movesa

50.2

46.9

74.9

69.7

26.2

17.6

14.7

21.4

37.6

8.2

% ≥20 years at current residence

53.8

54.0

33.7

61.1

58.6

64.9

62.9

68.7

70.3

61.5

% urban

69.3

81.8

67.1

65.9

56.4

90.4

99.0

96.0

82.4

83.1

Access

          

% insured

95.8

96.5

95.9

95.7

94.8

90.3

92.2

93.2

89.1

87.3

% with regular medical care

84.3

84.4

83.1

84.4

84.6

81.7

80.9

81.4

82.5

82.3

Clinical

          

% current smoker

12.3

10.9

11.8

13.8

13.2

17.2

18.3

16.9

19.4

15.6

% obese (BMI >30 kg/m2)

30.9

30.4

30.5

29.2

33.2

48.7

46.9

46.3

47.2

52.4

% using NSAIDS

16.3

15.6

15.2

17.8

16.7

11.9

11.7

11.2

12.2

12.3

% using ACEI/ARBs

31.6

29.0

30.8

32.8

34.4

42.0

39.4

40.6

41.1

45.3

% with diabetes

15.3

13.2

14.3

16.2

18.0

30.3

28.1

27.4

29.9

34.3

% with hypertension

50.3

47.3

49.7

51.3

53.7

71.7

69.0

72.3

69.6

74.3

% family history of ESRD

4.7

4.3

4.1

4.8

5.6

10.7

8.8

9.5

11.2

12.7

Mean ACR b (SD)

9.30 (2.94)

9.21 (2.92)

8.76 (2.77)

9.39 (3.06)

9.68 (3.06)

11.94 (4.06)

12.18 (4.06)

11.70 (4.06)

10.59 (3.82)

12.55 (4.18)

Mean eGFR (SD)

82.6 (17.1)

82.1 (17.0)

83.2 (16.4)

82.8 (17.1)

82.8 (17.5)

88.7 (23.3)

88.9 (23.5)

86.5 (22.8)

90.4 (21.8)

89.4 (24.1)

  1. Southeastern residence duration: total, all participants; none, 0% of life spent in Southeast; <half, >0%-50% of life spent in Southeast; ≥half, ≥50%-< 100% of life spent in Southeast; all, 100% of life spent in Southeast. The Southeast included North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana; other included the 40 other contiguous U.S. states (excluding Alaska and Hawaii).
  2. BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ACR, albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/g); eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2). Diabetes and hypertension were defined by self-reported diagnoses; self-reported use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic and anti-hypertensive medications; or measured fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl or random glucose ≥200 mg/dl and blood pressure >140/>90 mmHg, respectively.
  3. Missing data (whites and blacks): education, n = 19; insurance; n = 21; routine source of medical care, n = 970; urbanization of current residence, n = 2,612; smoking, n = 105; BMI, n = 187; regular use of NSAIDs, n = 101; diabetes, n = 969; hypertension, n = 65; albuminuria, n = 1273; eGFR, n = 1105. For those variables with >10% of data missing, ‘unknown’ was included as a category in the table.
  4. P < 0.001 in whites and blacks across southeastern exposure categories, by chi-square (categorical) and ANOVA (continuous) tests, for all characteristics shown, except routine site for medical care (P > 0.05 for whites and blacks).
  5. aLifetime moves comprise moves to the Southeast, to the rest of the United States, and outside of the United States, regardless of duration.
  6. bGeometric mean.
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International Journal of Health Geographics

ISSN: 1476-072X