Association of duration of residence in the southeastern United States with chronic kidney disease may differ by race: the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study

Table 4 Adjusted ^a prevalence odds ratios for albuminuria and reduced kidney function and hazard ratios for incident ESRD, by income, race, and southeastern residence duration

Income stratum	Lifetime southeastern residence duration								P _{raceXduration} ^b	P _{incomeXraceXduration} ^c
	White				Black
	None	<Half	≥Half	All	None	<Half	≥Half	All
Prevalence odds ratios (95% CI) for albuminuria
Income < $35,000	Ref.	0.97 (0.74-1.26)	0.99 (0.80-1.23)	1.01 (0.83-1.26)	Ref.	0.85 (0.70-1.04)	0.75 (0.60-0.95)	0.94 (0.78-1.12)	0.415	0.538
Income ≥ $35,000	Ref.	0.86 (0.68-1.07)	0.89 (0.72-1.09)	1.02 (0.84-1.23)	Ref.	0.86 (0.66-1.11)	0.71 (0.52-0.98)	0.98 (0.76-1.26)	0.859	0.538
Prevalence odds ratios (95% CI) for reduced kidney function
Income < $35,000	Ref.	0.86 (0.65-1.14)	0.94 (0.75-1.18)	1.06 (0.87-1.29)	Ref.	0.97 (0.77-1.22)	1.00 (0.76-1.32)	1.02 (0.82-1.27)	0.838	0.053
Income ≥ $35,000	Ref.	0.79 (0.61-1.01)	0.89 (0.71-1.11)	0.82 (0.66-1.03)	Ref.	0.99 (0.71-1.39)	0.59 (0.37-0.94)	1.17 (0.83-1.64)	0.034	0.053
Hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident end-stage renal disease
Income < $35,000	Ref.	0.50 (0.11-2.28)	1.16 (0.47-2.89)	0.43 (0.14-1.38)	Ref.	1.57 (0.81-3.04)	1.51 (0.70-3.28)	1.98 (1.08-3.64)	0.069	0.028
Income ≥ $35,000	Ref.	0.66 (0.18-2.46)	0.56 (0.15-2.07)	0.79 (0.24-2.56)	Ref.	0.82 (0.32-2.10)	0.20 (0.03-1.53)	0.56(0.17-1.82)	0.797

Southeastern U.S. states included: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana; other included the 40 other contiguous U.S. states (excluding Alaska and Hawaii).
^aDemographics: age, gender, race (overall models only); SES: education, income clinical; diabetes, hypertension (by self-reported medications or glucose/BP).
^bP for interaction by Wald χ² test for race × southeastern residence duration, within income category.
^cP for interaction by Wald χ² test for income × race × southeastern residence duration. All lower-order interaction terms (income × race, income × duration, and race × duration) were also included in these models to keep them hierarchically well-formulated.

ISSN: 1476-072X