Table 2 The relationship between regional average household income and population-weighted annual average PM 10 (μg.m -3 ), 2004–2008
From: Particulate air pollution and health inequalities: a Europe-wide ecological analysis
|  | (a) Correlation coefficients | (b) Pollutant means (μg.m-3, CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | by household income quintile (year specific) | Ratio Q1:Q5 | |||||
| Â | All regions | Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (highest) | ||
Whole sample | ||||||||
n regions | 235 | 235 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | Â |
2004 | −0.25** | 21.7 (20.7 to 22.7) | 27.5 (25.4 to 29.5)£ | 21.4 (19.0 to 23.7) | 18.7 (17.3 to 20.1)$ | 22.2 (20.5 to 23.9) | 23.1 (21.3 to 24.9) | 1.2 |
2005 | −0.35*** | 22.9 (21.9 to 24.0) | 30.4 (28.3 to 32.6)£ | 21.7 (19.8 to 23.6) | 19.1 (17.6 to 20.6)$ | 23.0 (21.2 to 24.8) | 23.0 (21.3 to 24.7) | 1.3 |
2006 | −0.33*** | 24.7 (23.7 to 25.6) | 31.4 (29.4 to 33.4)£ | 23.8 (22.1 to 25.5) | 20.7 (19.1 to 22.3)$ | 25.5 (23.9 to 27.2) | 24.7 (23.1 to 26.3) | 1.3 |
2007 | −0.20** | 22.1 (21.3 to 22.9) | 25.9 (24.3 to 27.6)£ | 22.1 (20.5 to 23.6) | 20.2 (18.9 to 21.6) | 22.7 (20.9 to 24.6) | 22.5 (20.9 to 24.1) | 1.2 |
2008 | −0.14* | 19.4 (18.8 to 20.0) | 22.3 (21.0 to 23.5)£ | 19.4 (18.0 to 20.9) | 18.3 (17.2 to 19.4) | 20.0 (18.6 to 21.4) | 20.2 (18.9 to 21.6) | 1.1 |
2004 to 2008 change (% 2004) | −10.7 | −18.9 | −9.0 | −2.1 | −10.1 | −12.5 |  | |
Western Europe | ||||||||
n regions | 187 | 187 | 38 | 37 | 38 | 37 | 37 | Â |
2004 | 0.10 | 21.2 (20.3 to 22.1) | 21.9 (19.6 to 24.2) | 18.0 (16.0 to 19.9)$ | 20.8 (19.1 to 22.5) | 22.2 (20.1 to 24.3) | 23.1 (21.1 to 25.2) | 0.9 |
2005 | 0.13* | 21.5 (20.7 to 22.4) | 21.5 (19.5 to 23.5) | 18.8 (17.0 to 20.5)$ | 20.9 (19.2 to 22.6) | 23.0 (21.2 to 24.9) | 23.6 (21.5 to 25.7) | 0.9 |
2006 | 0.17* | 23.5 (22.7 to 24.3) | 23.1 (21.4 to 24.8) | 20.9 (19.2 to 22.6)$ | 23.4 (21.5 to 25.4) | 25.0 (23.1 to 26.9) | 25.1 (23.3 to 27.0) | 0.9 |
2007 | 0.07 | 21.9 (21.1 to 22.7) | 21.9 (20.1 to 23.8) | 20.3 (18.7 to 21.9) | 21.4 (19.5 to 23.2) | 22.6 (20.8 to 24.4) | 23.1 (21.2 to 25.1) | 0.9 |
2008 | 0.08 | 19.4 (18.8 to 20.1) | 19.6 (17.9 to 21.2) | 17.8 (16.6 to 19.0) | 19.5 (18.2 to 20.8) | 20.0 (18.3 to 21.7) | 20.1 (18.6 to 21.7) | 1.0 |
2004 to 2008 change (% 2004) | −8.5 | −10.5 | −0.8 | −6.1 | −10.0 | −13.0 |  | |
Eastern Europe | ||||||||
n regions | 48 | 48 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | Â |
2004 | −0.01 | 27.8 (25.8 to 29.9) | 31.8 (28.1 to 35.4) | 24.7 (20.2 to 29.1) | 22.4 (17.4 to 27.4) | 31.7 (25.8 to 37.6) | 28.1 (25.6 to 30.6) | 1.1 |
2005 | −0.04 | 30.8 (28.7 to 32.9) | 34.9 (31.6 to 38.2) | 28.8 (23.5 to 34.0) | 25.1 (20.6 to 29.5) | 34.6 (28.3 to 41.0) | 30.0 (27.4 to 32.6) | 1.2 |
2006 | −0.11 | 32.0 (30.1 to 33.9) | 34.5 (32.3 to 36.7) | 32.0 (27.6 to 36.5) | 27.8 (23.9 to 31.7) | 33.3 (27.0 to 39.7) | 31.8 (26.6 to 37.0) | 1.1 |
2007 | −0.17 | 25.9 (24.3 to 27.5) | 29.5 (26.8 to 32.3) | 25.9 (22.3 to 29.5) | 21.8 (19.2 to 24.4) | 25.9 (21.0 to 30.8) | 26.1 (21.5 to 30.8) | 1.1 |
2008 | 0.06 | 22.4 (21.1 to 23.8) | 22.5 (20.5 to 24.5) | 24.0 (22.0 to 26.1) | 18.4 (14.9 to 21.9) | 23.6 (20.2 to 27.0) | 23.4 (19.2 to 27.6) | 1.0 |
2004 to 2008 change (% 2004) | −19.4 | −29.1 | −2.5 | −17.9 | −25.6 | −16.8 |  | |