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Table 1 Characteristics of Life Course Built Environment and Health participants and their neighbourhoods, Perth, Western Australia (2003–2009)

From: People living in hilly residential areas in metropolitan Perth have less diabetes: spurious association or important environmental determinant?

 

Total sample (n = 11,406)

People with self-reported diabetes (n = 964)

People without self-reported diabetes (n = 10,442)

p-value

Individual characteristics

    

Age in years (mean ± SD)

55.8 ± 15.8

64.3 ± 13.4

55.0 ± 15.7

<0.001

Sex - Male (%)

51.4

49.4

40.7

<0.001

  - Female (%)

58.6

50.6

59.3

 

Education

   

<0.001

  - Mid-secondary (%)

8.8

16.3

8.1

 

  - Upper secondary (%)

20.3

22.0

20.2

 

  - Final year of secondary school (%)

11.1

8.1

11.3

 

  - Tafe/trade qualification (%)

36.3

38.7

36.1

 

  - University degree or equivalent (%)

23.5

14.9

24.3

 

Income (AUD)

   

<0.001

  - Under $20,000 (%)

19.6

35.2

18.2

 

  - $20,001-$40,000 (%)

23.3

29.2

22.8

 

  - $40,001-$60,000 (%)

16.0

12.7

16.3

 

  - $60,001-$80,000 (%)

14.3

7.7

14.9

 

  - Over $80,000 (%)

26.7

15.2

27.8

 

Daily serves of vegetables usually consumed (mean ± SD)

3.0 ± 1.6

3.0 ± 1.6

3.0 ± 1.6

0.530

Daily services of fruit usually consumed (mean ± SD)

1.8 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.1

1.8 ± 1.2

0.163

Walking (mins in the last week) (mean ± SD)

130.4 ± 161.0

116.2 ± 166.3

131.7 ± 160.5

0.006

Neighbourhood characteristics

    

Slope mean (mean ± SD)

3.3 ± 1.7

3.0 ± 1.5

3.3 ± 1.7

<0.001

Slope mean (tertiles) (%)

    

  - Tertile 1 (< 2.4)

33.3

41.1

32.6

<0.001

  - Tertile 2 (2.4 – 3.7)

33.3

31.3

33.5

 

  - Tertile 3 (>3.7)

33.3

27.6

33.9

 

Connectivity Z score (mean ± SD)

−0.02 ± 1.0

−0.04 ± 0.9

−0.02 ± 1.0

0.490

Residential density Z score (mean ± SD)

0.00 ± 0.9

−0.01 ± 0.9

0.00 ± 1.0

0.817

Land Use Mix Z score (Recreation) (mean ± SD)

0.01 ± 1.0

0.03 ± 1.0

0.01 ± 1.0

0.517

Parks (mean ± SD)

4.46 ± 6.4

4.1 ± 6.0

4.5 ± 6.4

0.040

Retail destinations (mean ± SD)

11.2 ± 14.6

10.9 ± 13.0

11.3 ± 14.7

0.489

Health service destinations (mean ± SD)

24.9 ± 42.2

21.8 ± 39.2

25.2 ± 42.4

0.019

Recreation destinations (mean ± SD)

1.7 ± 2.6

1.6 ± 2.4

1.7 ± 2.6

0.204

Fast food/Takeaway destinations (mean ± SD)

13.0 ± 17.0

12.6 ± 15.6

13.0 ± 17.1

0.450

Healthy food destinations (mean ± SD)

0.90 ± 1.3

0.8 ± 1.2

0.9 ± 0.3

0.075

Larger food outlet destinations (mean ± SD)

1.6 ± 1.8

1.5 ± 1.7

1.6 ± 1.8

0.140

Restaurant/Café/Coffee destinations (mean ± SD)

4.4 ± 9.5

3.9 ± 8.8

4.5 ± 9.5

0.081

Other food destinations (mean ± SD)

5.2 ± 5.8

5.3 ± 5.5

5.2 ± 5.8

0.916

  1. Slope mean is percent slope.
  2. Unless otherwise specified, all variables are continuous; SD = Standard Deviation.
  3. Destinations: Count of destinations within 1600 m of participants’ homes (road service area):
  4. -Parks: parks and green spaces.
  5. - Retail destinations: Bike shop, Book shop, CD/DVD stores, Craft/Art supplies, Florist, General store, Gifts novelties souvenirs, Hardware store, News agent, Office stationery, Pharmacy, Photo shop, Post office, Sports store, Toys hobbies, Video store, Shopping centres, Pharmacy.
  6. - Health service destinations: Doctor, Medical centre.
  7. - Recreation destinations: Sports fields, Recreation centre, Swimming pool.
  8. - Fast food/Takeaway destinations: Fast food, Take away food.
  9. - Healthy food destinations: Health foods, Fruiterers and green grocers, Organic products, Vitamin products.
  10. - Larger food outlet destinations: Shopping centres, supermarkets and groceries, markets.
  11. - Restaurant/Café/Coffee destinations: Restaurants, cafes, coffee shops.
  12. - Other food destinations: Bakers, Butchers, Cake/Pastry shops, Confectionery, Delicatessens, Seafood shops, Food delicacies, Hotels/Pubs, Halal products, Icecream, Petrol stations, Road houses, Food and general stores.
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International Journal of Health Geographics

ISSN: 1476-072X