Table 1 Distributions of covariates and cancer mortality rates
Variable* | Mean (SD) | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
Cancer mortality rates | Â | Â | Â |
Females | Â | Â | Â |
  All cancers | 242.2 (27.5) | 145.4 | 354.8 |
  Obesity related | 102.4 (16.0) | 43.9 | 168.2 |
Males | Â | Â | Â |
All cancers | 242.0 (34.2) | 123.3 | 361.6 |
Obesity related | 56.4 (8.8) | 5.2 | 96.6 |
Sprawl index | Â | Â | Â |
  Continental US | 100 (25) | 62 | 479 |
  New England (N = 34) | 108 (24) | 79 | 213 |
  Middle Atlantic (N = 89) | 122 (59) | 80 | 479 |
  East North Central (N = 168) | 97 (14) | 68 | 171 |
  West North Central (N = 92) | 94 (14) | 62 | 132 |
  South Atlantic (N = 222) | 95 (16) | 66 | 188 |
  East South Central (N = 91) | 92 (11) | 68 | 116 |
  West South Central (N = 123) | 99 (13) | 74 | 166 |
  Mountain (N = 50) | 103 (12) | 79 | 130 |
  Pacific (N = 65) | 113 (24) | 85 | 258 |
Other covariates | Â | Â | Â |
  Obese (%)** | 27.3 (3.6) | 12.4 | 40.9 |
  Current smokers (%) |  |  |  |
   Female | 21.9 (4.8) | 7.9 | 36.9 |
   Male | 25.7 (5.0) | 12.0 | 41.3 |
  Non-hispanic white (%) | 82.9 (14.3) | 21.2 | 99.0 |
  Non-hispanic black (%) | 9.9 (12.6) | 0.0 | 70.7 |
  Hispanic (%) | 6.7 (11.1) | 0.28 | 94.4 |
  American Indian/Asian PI (%) | 2.5 (4.9) | 0.0 | 55.2 |
  MD density*** | 2.0 (1.8) | 0.0 | 20.1 |
  Hospital density*** | 0.021 (0.018) | 0.0 | 0.15 |
  Uninsured**** | 14.1 (4.4) | 6.7 | 36.8 |
  Socioeconomic position index | 0.64 (0.8) | −1.67 | 1.89 |