Table 4 Results from multilevel ordinal logistic regression models of differences in route lengths, and percentage overlap between GIS and GPS routes

Straight-line distance

2.25

2.02

2.52

1.37

1.16

1.62

1.11

1.01

1.20

0.82

0.72

0.94

Journey type (ref to sch)

From school

1.14

0.85

1.54

0.76

0.56

1.02

Sex (ref male)

Female

0.41

0.23

0.74

3.44

2.11

5.62

Travel mode (ref car)

Bus

11.32

4.96

25.86

8.32

3.08

22.50

1.02

0.54

1.92

1.93

1.00

3.72

Bike

2.40

0.88

6.54

0.55

0.17

1.80

1.33

0.45

3.90

2.79

1.07

7.31

Foot

0.06

0.03

0.13

0.15

0.06

0.36

0.54

0.29

1.01

1.42

0.63

3.19

Home location (ref urban)

Town & Fringe

1.54

0.80

2.96

0.75

0.34

1.64

0.42

0.25

0.72

0.19

0.11

0.35

Village etc.

3.49

1.87

6.49

4.62

1.74

12.22

0.77

0.47

1.29

0.26

0.10

0.74

School location relative to school (ref no diff)

School less urban

0.49

0.15

1.63

0.08

0.04

0.17

0.98

0.35

2.79

School more urban

2.27

1.30

3.96

3.26

2.03

5.26

3.98

1.49

10.63

Variance partition coefficients

Variance

VPC^a

Variance

VPC^a

 Level 1 (Route)

3.29

32.10%

3.29

16.72%

 Level 2 (Participant)

6.24

60.91%

12.41

63.09%

 Level 3 (School)

0.72

7.00%

3.97

20.19%