Generating GPS activity spaces that shed light upon the mobility habits of older adults: a descriptive analysis

Hirsch, Jana A; Winters, Meghan; Clarke, Philippa; McKay, Heather

doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-51

International Journal of Health Geographics

Table 2 GPS-based activity space compactness of Walk The Talk Study participants (n = 95) by sociodemographic group and resource characteristics

From: Generating GPS activity spaces that shed light upon the mobility habits of older adults: a descriptive analysis

Sociodemographic group	n	SDE compactness (0 to 1)		MCP compactness (0 to 1)		DPA compactness (0 to 1)
		Mean (SD)	p ^a	Mean (SD)	p ^a	Mean (SD)	p ^a
All	95	0.77 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.34 (0.21)
Sex			0.0506		0.0919		0.6597
Female	63	0.75 (0.15)		0.74 (0.11)		0.33 (0.21)
Male	32	0.81 (0.12)		0.77 (0.09)		0.35 (0.21)
Age (years)			0.9822		0.9412		0.2115
65-69	26	0.77 (0.14)		0.75 (0.10)		0.29 (0.21)
70-74	29	0.77 (0.16)		0.74 (0.12)		0.31 (0.18)
75-79	26	0.77 (0.15)		0.74 (0.11)		0.40 (0.23)
80+	14	0.79 (0.13)		0.76 (0.09)		0.38 (0.21)
Race			0.3052		0.3293		0.1429
Non-white	18	0.74 (0.12)		0.73 (0.11)		0.41 (0.27)
White	77	0.78 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.33 (0.19)
Education			0.1546		0.0172		0.4758
Secondary school or less	26	0.77 (0.16)		0.74 (0.11)		0.30 (0.11)
Some or completed trade/technical school or college	36	0.81 (0.12)		0.79 (0.08)		0.37 (0.27)
Some university or higher	33	0.74 (0.16)		0.71 (0.12)		0.34 (0.19)
Marital status			0.8909		0.4912		0.9096
Not married	88	0.77 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.34 (0.21)
Married	7	0.78 (0.15)		0.78 (0.10)		0.35 (0.25)
Living with someone else			0.8379		0.5398		0.8590
No	80	0.77 (0.14)		0.75 (0.11)		0.34 (0.21)
Yes	15	0.77 (0.16)		0.76 (0.10)		0.33 (0.21)
Dog Ownership			0.9119		0.7896		0.6049
No	84	0.77 (0.14)		0.75 (0.11)		0.34 (0.20)
Yes	11	0.77 (0.19)		0.76 (0.12)		0.37 (0.29)
Walkability^b			0.0721		0.0325		0.0244
Car dependent (0–49)	19	0.77 (0.13)		0.73 (0.11)		0.24 (0.14)
Somewhat walkable (50–69)	24	0.83 (0.13)		0.79 (0.08)		0.31 (0.18)
Very walkable (70–89)	27	0.77 (0.14)		0.77 (0.09)		0.36 (0.23)
Walker’s paradise (90–100)	25	0.72 (0.16)		0.70 (0.13)		0.42 (0.23)
Length of time in neighborhood			0.0659		0.4341		0.5547
≤ 2 years	27	0.77 (0.15)		0.75 (0.10)		0.29 (0.18)
Between 2 and up to 6 years	28	0.76 (0.12)		0.74 (0.11)		0.36 (0.24)
Between 6 and up to 9 years	17	0.71 (0.16)		0.72 (0.11)		0.34 (0.21)
> 9 years	23	0.83 (0.14)		0.77 (0.11)		0.37 (0.21)
Valid driver’s license			0.2126		0.9521		0.0175
No	23	0.74 (0.14)		0.75 (0.10)		0.43 (0.26)
Yes	72	0.78 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.31 (0.19)
Access to a vehicle			0.5099		0.7018		0.0007
No	37	0.76 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.43 (0.25)
Yes	56	0.78 (0.14)		0.74 (0.11)		0.28 (0.16)
Social support/companionship to go outside			0.5297		0.9556		0.5838
No	44	0.78 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.35 (0.21)
Yes	51	0.76 (0.14)		0.75 (0.10)		0.33 (0.21)
Physical support to go outside			0.3954		0.3574		0.1288
No	51	0.78 (0.14)		0.76 (0.10)		0.37 (0.22)
Yes	44	0.76 (0.15)		0.74 (0.11)		0.31 (0.19)
Like to walk outside^c			0.0021		0.0037		0.9144
Less than very much	28	0.84 (0.11)		0.80 (0.08)		0.34 (0.22)
Very much	67	0.74 (0.15)		0.73 (0.11)		0.34 (0.21)
Confidence walking outside^c			0.8907		0.7597		0.4028
Less than very much	20	0.78 (0.13)		0.74 (0.09)		0.38 (0.26)
Very much	75	0.77 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.33 (0.19)
Falls in past 6 months			0.8087		0.7402		0.7583
No	75	0.77 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.34 (0.21)
Yes	20	0.77 (0.15)		0.74 (0.11)		0.33 (0.20)
Use of a mobility aid for walking			0.3118		0.9095		0.1527
No	78	0.78 (0.14)		0.75 (0.11)		0.35 (0.22)
Yes	17	0.74 (0.15)		0.75 (0.11)		0.27 (0.12)

Abbreviations: Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Deviation Ellipse using one standard deviation (SDE), Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP), Daily Path Area using a 200-meter buffer (DPA).
^ap-value from one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) across sociodemographic and resource categories.
^bMeasured by Street Smart Walk Score for home address.
^cLess than very much (1–4 on a 5-point scale); Very much (5 on a 5-point scale).

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ISSN: 1476-072X

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