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Table 4 Predicted BMI z-score per tertile of environmental exposure, in home, school and route settings

From: Associations between BMI and home, school and route environmental exposures estimated using GPS and GIS: do we see evidence of selective daily mobility bias in children?

 

β co-efficients for BMI z-score a

 

Tertile

Home

95% CI

School

95% CI

Modelled journey

95% CI

Actual journey

95% CI

All food outlets

1 (least exposed)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

0.010

−0.577, 0.596

−0.246

−0.874, 0.382

−0.246

−0.885, 0.393

0.157

−0.435, 0.748

 

3

0.425

−0.163, 1.013

0.136

−0.529, 0.802

−0.041

−0.611, 0.529

−0.154

−0.756, 0.449

Takeaway food outlets

1 (least exposed)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

−0.154

−0.743, 0.435

−0.246

−0.874, 0.382

−0.455

−1.143, 0.233

0.324

−0.288, 0.937

 

3

0.347

−0.244, 0.939

0.136

−0.529, 0.802

−0.093

−0.630, 0.445

0.153

−0.441, 0.746

Physical activity facilities

1 (least exposed)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

0.128

−0.477, 0.732

−0.763

−1.484, −0.042

0.325

−0.200, 0.851

0.341

−0.232, 0.913

 

3

0.359

−0.233, 0.950

−0.398

−0.938, 0.143

−

−

0.906

0.317, 1.494

Green space

1 (least exposed)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

−0.315

−0.897, 0.268

0.267

−0.283, 0.816

−0.253

−0.854, 0.347

−0.040

−0.627, 0.546

 

3

−0.183

−0.790, 0.424

0.892**

0.269, 1.515

−0.296

−0.876, 0.284

−0.320

−0.913, 0.274

Density of fatal road traffic accidents

1 (least exposed)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

−0.109

−0.719, 0.501

−0.137

−0.627, 0.353

0.033

−0.494, 0.561

0.323

−0.262, 0.908

 

3

−

−

−

−

−

−

0.366

−0.238, 0.970

Proportion of roads that are major roads

1 (most walkable)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

1.002

0.192, 1.812

0.507

−0.099, 1.114

−0.116

−0.708, 0.476

−0.305

−0.902, 0.292

 

3

0.062

−0.474, 0.598

0.231

−0.434, 0.897

0.187

−0.426, 0.800

0.133

−0.462, 0.728

Effective walkable area/route length ratio (for journeys)

1 (least walkable)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

0.105

−0.500, 0.710

−0.625

−1.207, −0.044

−0.423

−1.019, 0.172

0.126

−0.474, 0.726

 

3

0.610**

0.021, 1.200

−0.892**

−1.515, −0.269

−0.447

−1.053, 0.160

−0.026

−0.640, 0.588

Connected node ratio

1 (least connected)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

−

−

−

−

 

2

0.232

−0.364, 0.828

−0.140

−0.765, 0.485

−

−

−

−

 

3

0.302

−0.285, 0.889

−0.005

−0.657, 0.647

−

−

−

−

Herfindahl−Hirschmann Index

1 (least mixed)

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

REF

n/a

 

2

0.360

−0.244, 0.963

0.139

−0.460, 0.738

0.597

−0.007, 1.201

0.578

0.000, 1.156

 

3

0.493

−0.101, 1.086

−0.441

−1.102, 0.221

0.362

−0.230, 0.955

0.307

−0.276, 0.889

  1. **p < 0.05, using tests for trend based on modelling continuous environmental exposures.
  2. aβ co-efficients represent BMI z-scores across tertiles of environmental exposure, relative to the least exposed tertile 1. All models control for parental education level and sex of child.