Heterogeneity in mammography use across the nation: separating evidence of disparities from the disproportionate effects of geography

Mobley, Lee R; Kuo, Tzy-Mey (May); Driscoll, David; Clayton, Laurel; Anselin, Luc

doi:10.1186/1476-072X-7-32

International Journal of Health Geographics

Table 5 Direct and interaction effects in mammography use: three specifications, by state

From: Heterogeneity in mammography use across the nation: separating evidence of disparities from the disproportionate effects of geography

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	POOLED	POOLED	POOLED	CA	CA	CA	CT	CT	CT
Individual disability	-0.07	-0.04	-0.04	-0.09	-0.03	-0.03	-0.06	-0.04	-0.04
Changed ZIP code	-0.05	-0.04	-0.04	-0.06	-0.06	-0.06	-0.05	-0.05	-0.05
Months dual eligibility	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Miles to closest facility	0.00			0.00	0.00	0.00
Age (Age group 2, age 73–80)	-0.02	-0.06	-0.05	-0.01	-0.08	-0.05	-0.02		-0.08
Age group 3, Age 81+	N/A	-0.25	-0.24	N/A	-0.25	-0.23	N/A	-0.23	-0.27
Asian	-0.05	-0.07	-0.07	-0.07	-0.06	-0.06
African American	-0.03	-0.03	-0.03	-0.04	-0.04	-0.04
Hispanic
Native American	-0.06			-0.09	-0.09	-0.09
Other races or ethnicities	-0.08	-0.06	-0.06	-0.07	-0.06	-0.06
Diagnosed other cancer	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.04
Diagnosed breast cancer	0.31	0.33	0.33	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.29	0.30	0.30
Flu shot	0.17	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.18	0.18	0.18
Isolation index for African Americans	-0.01	-0.03	-0.03	-0.06	-0.07	-0.07
Isolation index for Hispanics				-0.06	-0.05	-0.05
Isolation index for Asians
Isolation index for Native Americans
Proportion of workers commuting > 60 min to work	-0.20	-0.06		-0.22	-0.18	-0.16	-0.19	-0.20	-0.23
Proportion of elderly with little or no English	-0.09	-0.06	-0.06	-0.06	-0.06	-0.06	-0.18	-0.18	-0.18
Proportion of elderly in poverty	-0.01			-0.11	-0.13	-0.12
Number of mammogram facilities per 1000 elderly women		0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Number of oncologists per 1000 elderly	0.07	0.08	0.08
HMO penetration		0.09	0.08
AfAmer*IsolationAfAmer	0.07	0.08	0.08
Hispan*IsolationHispan							0.59	0.61	0.61
NativeAmer*IsolationNativeAmer		-0.17	-0.17	0.53	0.51	0.51
Disability*LongCommute(1)		N/A	N/A	0.41	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE2*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A	0.08	N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE3*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE2*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A	-0.20	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE3*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A	-0.14	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	GA	GA	GA	IA	IA	IA	KY	KY	KY
Individual disability	-0.30	-0.06	-0.06	-0.10			-0.08	-0.03	-0.03
Changed ZIP code				-0.10	-0.11	-0.11	-0.04	-0.05	-0.05
Months dual eligibility	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01
Miles to closest facility							0.00	0.00	0.00
Age (Age group 2, age 73–80)	-0.02			-0.02	-0.07	-0.05	-0.02	-0.10	-0.08
Age group 3, Age 81+	N/A	-0.28	-0.31	N/A	-0.28	-0.26	N/A	-0.31	-0.27
Asian
African American
Hispanic							N/A	N/A	N/A
Native American	N/A	N/A	N/A	-0.47	-0.44	-0.44	N/A	N/A	N/A
Other races or ethnicities
Diagnosed other cancer	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.07
Diagnosed breast cancer	0.30	0.31	0.31	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.38	0.38	0.38
Flu shot	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.18	0.18	0.18
Isolation index for African Americans				-0.23	-0.23	-0.23	0.07
Isolation index for Hispanics				-0.27	-0.24	-0.23
Isolation index for Asians
Isolation index for Native Americans
Proportion of workers commuting > 60 min to work				-0.54	-0.48
Proportion of elderly with little or no English				-0.07	-0.07	-0.07
Proportion of elderly in poverty
Number of mammogram facilities per 1000 elderly women				-0.01	-0.01	-0.01
Number of oncologists per 1000 elderly				0.11	0.11	0.11	0.13	0.13	0.13
HMO penetration								-0.10
AfAmer*IsolationAfAmer
Hispan*IsolationHispan							N/A	N/A	N/A
NativeAmer*IsolationNativeAmer	N/A	N/A	N/A	4.33	4.07	4.07	N/A	N/A	N/A
Disability*LongCommute(1)	1.89	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE2*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE3*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A	0.14	N/A
AGE2*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE3*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	LA	LA	LA	MI	MI	MI	NJ	NJ	NJ
Individual disability		-0.04	-0.04	-0.19	-0.06	-0.06	-0.07	-0.07	-0.07
Changed ZIP code				-0.10	-0.10	-0.10	-0.03	-0.04	-0.04
Months dual eligibility	0.00	0.00	0.00	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Miles to closest facility	0.00	0.00	0.00
Age (Age group 2, age 73–80)	-0.02	-0.06	-0.13	-0.02	-0.15		-0.02	-0.11	-0.09
Age group 3, Age 81+	N/A	-0.25	-0.27	N/A	-0.42	-0.21	N/A	-0.33	-0.26
Asian							-0.07	-0.06	-0.06
African American							-0.04	-0.03	-0.03
Hispanic							0.06
Native American				N/A	N/A	N/A
Other races or ethnicities	-0.19	-0.19	-0.18				-0.08	-0.07	-0.07
Diagnosed other cancer	0.10	0.11	0.11	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.06
Diagnosed breast cancer	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.41	0.41	0.41
Flu shot	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.20	0.20	0.20
Isolation index for African Americans
Isolation index for Hispanics							0.07	0.08	0.08
Isolation index for Asians
Isolation index for Native Americans
Proportion of workers commuting > 60 min to work			-0.54	-0.53			0.14	0.12
Proportion of elderly with little or no English							-0.18	-0.18	-0.18
Proportion of elderly in poverty
Number of mammogram facilities per 1000 elderly women				0.17	0.35	0.19
Number of oncologists per 1000 elderly			0.07		-0.70
HMO penetration				N/A	N/A	N/A
AfAmer*IsolationAfAmer							0.11	0.12	0.12
Hispan*IsolationHispan							0.17	0.19	0.19
NativeAmer*IsolationNativeAmer				N/A	N/A	N/A
Disability*LongCommute(1)	-1.03	N/A	N/A	1.87	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE2*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE3*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE2*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A	0.78	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE3*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A	-0.90	N/A	N/A
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	NM	NM	NM	UT	UT	UT	WA	WA	WA
Individual disability	-0.15	-0.05	-0.05
Changed ZIP code
Months dual eligibility	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01
Miles to closest facility				0.00	0.00	0.00
Age (Age group 2, age 73–80)	-0.02	-0.08	-0.06	-0.02			-0.01	-0.08	-0.07
Age group 3, Age 81+	N/A	-0.29	-0.23	N/A	-0.26	-0.24	N/A	-0.21	-0.24
Asian							-0.07	-0.07	-0.07
African American
Hispanic	-0.17	-0.17	-0.17
Native American
Other races or ethnicities				-0.12			-0.08	-0.07	-0.07
Diagnosed other cancer							0.03
Diagnosed breast cancer	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.24	0.24	0.24
Flu shot	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.22	0.22	0.22
Isolation index for African Americans							-0.19	-0.20	-0.20
Isolation index for Hispanics	-0.22	-0.20	-0.20
Isolation index for Asians	-2.81	-2.59	-2.56
Isolation index for Native Americans	-0.09	-0.08	-0.08
Proportion of workers commuting > 60 min to work
Proportion of elderly with little or no English				-0.16	-0.14	-0.14
Proportion of elderly in poverty
Number of mammogram facilities per 1000 elderly women
Number of oncologists per 1000 elderly							0.22	0.21	0.21
HMO penetration	0.40		0.40
AfAmer*IsolationAfAmer							0.88
Hispan*IsolationHispan	0.26
NativeAmer*IsolationNativeAmer	-0.31	-0.31	-0.31
Disability*LongCommute(1)	1.41	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE2*HMO(2)	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE3*HMO(2)	N/A	0.45	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
AGE2*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A
AGE3*LongCommute(3)	N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A	N/A

Notes: N/A = not applicable for the model reported (e.g., cells associated with interactions not included in a particular model). Blank (white) cells in the table appear for estimates that were not statistically significant at the 5% level or better.

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ISSN: 1476-072X

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