Individual and city-level determinants of secondhand smoke exposure in China

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the sample and SHS exposure prevalence

Group	N	% Sample	SHS exposure prevalence	Rao–Scott Chi square and p value
Individual level
Age (years)				4.31; 0.3660
<25	2110	15.1	30.6
25–34	3061	25.5	27.7
35–44	2113	20.8	30.0
45–54	2044	19.8	29.0
55+	1878	18.8	24.8
Gender				10.28; 0.0013
Male	3747	28.6	50.0
Female	7459	71.4	19.2
Ethnicity				5.54; 0.0186
Han	9776	89.7	30.0
Other	1430	10.3	11.0
Education				18.06; 0.0004
Elementary school or less	634	2.4	44.7
Junior high school	2390	18.3	50.9
High school	4089	37.4	27.2
Junior college or more	4093	39.0	16.0
Occupation				40.65; 0.0001
Managers and clerks	561	2.6	46.0
Professionals	586	4.9	42.7
Commerce and service	1255	10.5	53.5
Operations	1604	13.3	47.8
Students	1214	9.3	43.1
Retired	1841	24.9	14.6
Other	4145	34.4	14.7
Per capita income (Yuan)				47.44; 0.0001
<10,000	1416	43.2
10,000–19,999	3130	42.9
20,000–29,999	3103	29.1
30,000–39,999	1413	10.5
40,000–49,999	990	9.5
50,000+	1154	15.4
Exposure to tobacco advertising				12.31; 0.0004
No	6561	55.9	16.2
Yes	4644	44.1	43.2
City-level
Regional location				3.88; 0.1433
East	4555	51.6	22.1
Central	1666	9.9	25.3
West	4985	38.6	36.8
GDP per capita				6.96; 0.0307
<40,000	3205	10.2	46.7
40,000–49,999	3560	42.6	33.3
50,000+	4441	47.2	19.2
Anti-smoking media news coverage				17.75; 0.0001
<20	8394	65.1	32.7
20–29	942	12.2	44.7
30 and over	1870	22.7	14.3
Local smokefree policy				0.91; 0.3404
Yes	7562	80.6	29.5
No	3644	19.4	21.9

ISSN: 1476-072X