Is the closest facility the one actually used? An assessment of travel time estimation based on mammography facilities

Alford-Teaster, Jennifer; Lange, Jane M.; Hubbard, Rebecca A.; Lee, Christoph I.; Haas, Jennifer S.; Shi, Xun; Carlos, Heather A.; Henderson, Louise; Hill, Deirdre; Tosteson, Anna N. A.; Onega, Tracy

doi:10.1186/s12942-016-0039-7

International Journal of Health Geographics

Table 2 Summary of closest, actual, and differential travel times in sample of BCSC mammograms by woman, facility, and census-level characteristics

From: Is the closest facility the one actually used? An assessment of travel time estimation based on mammography facilities

	Geographic level of variable	Travel time-median and IQR		Cumulative distribution of differential travel time (proportion)
	Geographic level of variable	Closest facility	Actual facility	(actual = closest) 0 m	<5 m	<10 m	<30 m
All		5 (3,10)	9 (5,17)	0.35	0.73	0.84	0.96
Woman-level characteristics
Age	Woman level
30–40		6 (3,11)	11 (6,19)	0.29	0.68	0.79	0.94
40–49		5 (3,10)	10 (6,18)	0.33	0.7	0.82	0.96
50–59		6 (3,11)	10 (6,18)	0.34	0.72	0.83	0.95
60–69		5 (3,11)	9 (5,17)	0.37	0.74	0.84	0.95
70–79		5 (2,9)	8 (4,15)	0.40	0.79	0.88	0.96
80+		4 (2,8)	7 (4,12)	0.44	0.83	0.91	0.98
Race/ethnicity	Woman level
White, non-Hispanic		6 (3,12)	10 (6,19)	0.39	0.74	0.83	0.95
Black, non-Hispanic		5 (3,10)	10 (6,21)	0.31	0.68	0.78	0.92
Hispanic		6 (3,10)	9 (6,14)	0.36	0.76	0.89	0.97
Asian		3 (2,5)	8 (4,11)	0.16	0.66	0.86	0.98
Native American		5 (3,10)	10 (6,16)	0.28	0.73	0.87	0.96
Other		4 (2,8)	8 (4,16)	0.32	0.72	0.84	0.97
Education	Woman level
Less than high school		4 (2,7)	8 (4,12)	0.37	0.77	0.90	0.97
High school		6 (3,13)	10 (5,19)	0.43	0.75	0.85	0.95
Some college		5 (3,10)	9 (5,18)	0.37	0.72	0.82	0.95
College or post-college graduate		4 (2,9)	9 (5,16)	0.31	0.71	0.83	0.96
Census-level^b characteristics
Rurality	Census^b: 2006 zip code
Urban core		4 (2,7)	8 (5,13)	0.29	0.75	0.87	0.98
Suburban areas		18 (12,24)	23 (15,32)	0.43	0.69	0.79	0.96
Large town areas		9 (4,16)	14 (6,27)	0.47	0.72	0.77	0.9
Small town and isolated rural		14 (6,25)	23 (9,41)	0.57	0.65	0.7	0.86
Median household income	Census^b: Block group
<45K		6 (3,14)	10 (5,25)	0.43	0.73	0.8	0.92
45–59,999K		8 (3,14)	12 (6,23)	0.38	0.72	0.81	0.94
60–84,999K		5 (3,9)	9 (6,15)	0.34	0.74	0.88	0.98
85K+		4 (2,7)	8 (5,14)	0.28	0.72	0.85	0.98
Diversity index	Census^b: Tract
0–25		11 (5,18)	14 (7,24)	0.53	0.76	0.83	0.95
26–50		6 (2,10)	9 (5,17)	0.35	0.74	0.82	0.95
51–75		4 (2,7)	8 (5,14)	0.27	0.72	0.85	0.96
76–100		4 (2,8)	9 (5,14)	0.28	0.69	0.83	0.97
Average spent on public transportation	Census^b: Block group
<100$		8 (4,14)	12 (7,22)	0.38	0.72	0.82	0.93
>100$		3 (2,6)	7 (4,12)	0.31	0.75	0.86	0.98
Median travel time to work	Census^b: Block group
<15 min		4 (2,6)	6 (3,15)	0.54	0.78	0.8	0.88
15–30 min		6 (3,11)	10 (6,17)	0.36	0.74	0.84	0.96
>30 min		5 (3,9)	9 (6,19)	0.22	0.69	0.85	0.98
Actual facility^a characteristics
Academic status	Facility level^a
Academic		4 (2,9)	9 (5,17)	0.31	0.69	0.83	0.95
Non-academic		4 (2,8)	9 (5,14)	0.33	0.75	0.87	0.98
Practice type	Facility level^a
Multispecialty		3 (2,6)	8 (4,14)	0.22	0.68	0.83	0.98
General radiology		5 (2,9)	9 (5,15)	0.38	0.77	0.88	0.97
Breast imaging only		7 (4,11)	10 (7,16)	0.22	0.72	0.87	0.96
Non-radiology		8 (4,14)	12 (7,21)	0.42	0.73	0.85	0.98

^aFacility where the exam took place
^bCensus-level variable for woman’s place of residence

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