Table 1 Summaries of spatial measurement errors
From: Spatial measurement errors in the field of spatial epidemiology
Classes | Subclass | Observed data | Nonzero γs |
|---|---|---|---|
Pure spatial location measurement errors | Instrumental errors (e.g., global positioning systems errors) | (L, Y0, X) | γ 0, γ 6, γ 8 |
Non-instrumental errors: multiple address | (L, Y0, X) | γ 0, γ 6, γ 8 | |
Non-instrumental errors: geocoding errors | (L, Y, X) | γ 0, γ 2, γ 3, γ6 | |
Non-instrumental errors: outcome aggregations | (L, Y, X) | γ 0, γ 3, γ 4, γ8 | |
Non-instrumental errors: covariate aggregations | (L, Y0, X) | γ 0, γ 6, γ8 | |
Location-based outcome measurement errors | Purely outcome measurement errors | (L0, Y, X0) | γ4 |
|  | Missing outcome measurement | (L0, Y, X0) | γ4 |
Location-based covariate measurement errors | Location-based covariate measurement errors | (L0, Y0, X) | γ 6, γ 7, γ8 |
Covariate-Outcome spatial misaligned measurement errors | Covariate-Outcome spatial misaligned measurement errors | (L, Y, X) | γ 0 , γ 4 , γ 6, γ 7, γ8 |