Fig. 1

Artemisinin resistance maps (5 × 5 km grid resolution). Prevalence is displayed on the 0–1 colour scale. a The Southeast Asia domain of interest (grey), showing study sites (black solid circles). Prevalence of artemisinin resistance was determined at these sites using K13 genetic marker data collected in 2011–2014. b Geospatial map generated by a kriging model of the estimated distribution of artemisinin resistance, based on the sample data in a. c The locations where artemisinin resistance is estimated to be highest (black crosses) and lowest (white crosses), based on the locations of the local maxima and local minima of the geospatial map in b. d Geospatial map of c with a spatial constraint imposed (light grey) to exclude those regions where transmission is estimated to be unstable (as defined by MAP, 2010 [21])