A direct observation method for auditing large urban centers using stratified sampling, mobile GIS technology and virtual environments

Table 2 SSOI items and comparison of internal consistency: α is Cronbach’s alpha if an item is dropped; ITC is the item-total correlation corrected for item overlap and scale reliability

Item	2011		2012		2013
	α	ITC	α	ITC	α	ITC
Cleanliness of streets and properties	0.69	0.47	0.60	0.45	0.64	0.71
Presence of trees	0.70	0.61	0.64	0.27	0.72	0.28
Quality of trees	0.71	0.71	0.64	0.31	0.72	0.34
Landscaping	0.66	0.79	0.53	0.82	0.61	0.86
Flowers and shrubs	0.70	0.69	0.58	0.87	0.67	0.83
Houses well-spaced	0.72	0.43	0.64	0.35	0.74	0.24
Upkeep of homes	0.69	0.66	0.60	0.61	0.65	0.73
Presence of outdoor furniture	0.73	0.40	0.65	0.09	0.73	0.19
Quality of outdoor furniture	0.73	0.50	0.63	0.47	0.70	0.66
Pedestrian infrastructure	0.75	0.12	0.64	0.19	0.74	0.05

ISSN: 1476-072X