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Table 2 Linear mixed models for distance from home to food purchase location (log transformed)

From: Where do people purchase food? A novel approach to investigating food purchasing locations

All purchases

Purchases made when home was the origin

Purchases made at supermarkets

Model 1: Null (n = 845)

Model 1: Null (n = 460)

Model 1: Null (n = 300)

Intraclass correlation (%)

Intraclass correlation (%)

Intraclass correlation (%)

Individual

18.4

Individual

13.3

Individual

7.4

SA1

20.6

SA1

28.9

SA1

60.6

 

Model 2: All characteristics (n = 845)

Model 2: All characteristics (n = 460)

Model 2: All characteristics (n = 300)

Coef. (95% CI)

p. value

Coef. (95% CI)

p. value

Coef. (95% CI)

p. value

Age (years)

18–34 

0.56 (0.13, 0.99)

0.011

0.40 (0.02, 0.79)

0.041

0.14 (−0.21, 0.49)

0.437

35–54 

0.21 (−0.12, 0.54)

0.219

−0.16 (−0.45, 0.14)

0.292

0.01 (−0.25, 0.27)

0.938

55+

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Sex

Female

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Male

0.10 (−0.25, 0.45)

0.572

−0.06 (−0.37, 0.24)

0.684

−0.34 (−0.60, −0.08)

0.010

Neighbourhood

Low SES-Low access

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Low SES-High access

−0.25 (−0.94, 0.44)

0.477

−0.26 (−0.85, 0.32)

0.376

−0.46 (−1.33, 0.40)

0.293

High SES-Low access

0.70 (0.04, 1.36)

0.037

0.57 (0.07, 1.08)

0.025

0.75 (−0.08, 1.58)

0.077

High SES-High access

−0.09 (−0.76, 0.59)

0.800

−0.19 (−0.72, 0.34)

0.477

−0.13 (−0.96, 0.71)

0.767

Location prior to food purchase

Home

Ref.

 

n/a

 

Ref.

 

Work

0.59 (0.42, 0.76)

<0.001

–

 

0.36 (0.15, 0.58)

0.001

Other

0.13 (−0.01, 0.27)

0.075

–

 

0.12 (−0.03, 0.27)

0.124

Mode of travel from home

Car

n/a

 

Ref.

 

n/a

 

Public transport

–

 

0.18 (−0.29, 0.65)

0.445

–

 

Walk/cycle

–

 

−1.15 (−1.38, −0.92)

<0.001

–

 

Day

Weekday

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Weekend

0.17 (0.05, 0.30)

0.008

0.14 (−0.01, 0.29)

0.06

0.10 (−0.04, 0.27)

0.153

Intraclass correlation (%)

Intraclass correlation (%)

Intraclass correlation (%)

Individual

14.5

Individual

9.5

Individual

6.1

SA1

16.8

SA1

11.6

SA1

52.8

  1. Nb. n. for both Model 1 and Model 2 based on non-missing values in Model 2 for comparability