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Table 3 Summary of reproductive outcomes related to the polluted sites (order by outcome)

From: Systematic literature review of reproductive outcome associated with residential proximity to polluted sites

Outcomes

Polluted site

Study design

Population study

Database study

Methods

References

Birth outcome (LBW/PTB)

LBW

Landfill

Ecologic study

All live births

National birth data-based study

Poisson regression model

Elliot et al. 2001 [45]

All births in Scotland

National birth data-based study

Model prediction from poisson regression

Morris et al. 2003 [47]

All births

Register of the office for national statistics

Poisson cumulative probabilities were calculated

Field et al. 2000 [21]

  

Birth certificate-based study

All births

Birth certificate

Logistic regression model

Berry et al. 1997 [27]

  

Case–control study

All live births to residents on Island of Montreal, 1979–1989 (excluded multiple birth and births to parous mothers)

Birth registration

Unconditional logistic regression

Goldbrg et al. 1995 [54]

  

Retrospective cohort study

All singleton live births in England, 1986–1999

Office of National statistics birth recodes

Logistic regression

Morgan et al. 2004 [50]

 

Dumpsite

Retrospective cohort study

All live singleton live births without congenital anomalies

Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics

Logistic regression

Gilbreath et al. 2006 [29]

 

Industry

Case–control study

All births from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey conducted in 48 states

National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS)

Univariate and multivariate analyses

Sosniak et al. 1994 [30]

 

Industry

Ecological study

All births in Teesside and Sunderland, 1986–1993

Office of population and censuses and survey

Unclear

Bhopal et al. 1999 [48]

  

All singleton live births registred between 2004–2008

National institute for statistics

A Besag, York, and Mollié model

Castello et al. 2013 [53]

 

HWS

Ecologic study

All births during 1994–2000 (excluded plural birth)

Birth certificate-based study

Multiple logistic models

Baibergenova et al. 2003 [28]

  

Cohort study

All Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998

Nova scotia atlee perinatal database

Logistic regression models

Dodds et al. 2001 [55]

 

Incinerator

Retrospective cohort study

All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998

Vital statistic records and birth certificate data

Stone’s unconditional test

Tango et al. 2004 [56]

LBW

Several site

Case–control study

All live births 1983–1985

Vital statistics files

Linear regression

Shaw et al. 1992 [23]

PTB

Landfill

Birth certificate-based study

All births

Birth certificate

Logistic regression model

Berry et al. 1997 [27]

  

Case–control study

All live births to residents on Island of Montreal, 1979–1989 (excluded multiple birth and births to parous mothers)

Birth registration

Unconditional logistic regression

Goldbrg et al. 1995 [54]

 

Waste

Cohort study

Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998

Nova scotia atlee perinatal database

Logistic regression models

Dodds et al. 2001 [55]

 

Dumpsite

Retrospective cohort study

All live singleton live births in Alaska Native villages without congenital anomalies

Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics

Logistic regression

Gilbreath et al. 2006 [29]

Indurties

Ecologic study

All singleton live births registred between 2004–2008

National institute for statistics

A Besag, York, and Mollié model

Castello et al. 2013 [53]

SGA

Indurties

Ecologic study

All singleton live births registred between 2004–2008

National institute for statistics

A Besag, York, and Mollié model

Castello et al. 2013 [53]

Landfill

Case–control study

All live births to residents on Island of Montreal, 1979–1989 (excluded multiple birth and births to parous mothers)

Birth registration

Unconditional logistic regression

Goldbrg et al. 1995 [54]

IURG

Waste site

Cohort study

Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998

Nova scotia atlee perinatal database

Logistic regression models

Dodds et al. 2001 [55]

Dumpsite

Retrospective cohort study

All live singleton live births in Alaska Native villages without congenital anomalies

Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics

Logistic regression

Gilbreath et al. 2006 [29]

Fetal /neonataldealth

Stillbirth

Incinerators

Retrospective cohort study

All live birth and stillbirth

Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database)

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003c [44]

Industrie

Retrospective cohort study

All live birth and stillbirth

Cohort-based study

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003b [43]

Ecological study

All births and stillbirths in Teesside and Sunderland, 1986–1993

Office of population and censuses and survey

Unclear

Bhopal et al. 1999 [48]

 

Landfill

Ecologic study

Study of live births andstillbirths

National birth and stillbirth data

Poisson regression model

Elliott et al. 2001 [45]

   

All births and stillbirths in Scotland between 1982 and 1997

National register-based study

Poisson regression model

Morris et al. 2003 [47]

  

Retrospective cohort study

All live births and stillbirths

Cohort-based study

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003a [42]

Neonatal death

Incinerators

Retrospective cohort study

All live birth and stillbirth

Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database)

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003c [44]

  

Retrospective cohort study

All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998

Vital statistic records and birth certificate data

Unconditional test

Tango et al. 2004 [56]

 

Industrie

Retrospective cohort study

All live birth and stillbirth

Cohort-based study

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003b [43]

 

Landfill

Retrospective cohort study

All live birth and stillbirth

Cohort-based study

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003a [42]

 

Dumpsite

Retrospective cohort

All live births and fetal deaths in Alaska Native villages, 1997–2001

Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics

Logistic regression

Gilbreath and Kass 2006 [36]

Crematorium

Retrospective cohort study

All live birth and stillbirth

Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database)

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003c [44]

Infant death

Incinerators

Retrospective cohort study

All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998

Vital statistic records and birth certificate data

Unconditional test

Tango et al. 2004 [56]

 

Waste site

Case–control study

All births

National maternal and infant health survey

Univariate and multivariate analyses

Sosniak et al. 1994 [30]

Fetal death

Waste site

Case–control

All births and fetal death

Birth and death records (Washington State vital records)

Multivariable logistic regression

Mueller et al. 2007 [40]

 

Dumpsite

Retrospective cohort

All live births and fetal deaths in Alaska Native villages, 1997–2001

Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics

Logistic regression

Gilbreath et al. 2006 [36]

All congenital anomaly combined

 

Landfill

Ecologic study

Live births, stillbirths, congenital malformations including termination

Congenital register-based study

Poisson regression model

Elliott et al. 2001 [45]

Ecologic study

All births, stillbirths, and termination registries in Scotland between 1982 and 1997

National register-based study

Poisson regression model

Morris et al. 2003 [47]

   

Live and still born babies

Register of the office for national statistics

Poisson regression

Field et al. 2000 [21]

   

Live births, stillbirths and termination

National congenital anomaly register-based study

Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression

Elliott et al. 2009 [11]

  

Live births, late foetal deaths and terminations

The National Down’s Syndrome Cytogenetics Register (NDSCR)

Regression modelling within a bayesian framework

Jarup et al. 2007 [49]

  

Cohort study

All birth (live birth)

UK office national

Logistic regression model

Palmer et al. 2005 [46]

  

Retrospective cohort study

Live births and stillbirths

Cohort

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003a [42]

  

Case–control study

All live births, stillbirth, fetal deaths, and pregnancy terminations

Malformation register

Logistic regression models

Vriljheld et al. 2002a [51] 

  

Case–control study

Live births, stillbirths, and fetal deaths from 20 weeks gestation, and termination of pregnancy

Malformation register

Logistic regression models

Vriljheld et al. 2002b [1]

  

Case–control study

All live births, stillbirth, fetal deaths, and pregnancy terminations

Malformation register

Logistic and related binomial regression models

Dolk et al. 1998 [52]

  

Cohort and case–control studies

 

Regional congenital anomalies registry

 

Boyle et al. 2004 [41]

  

Ecological study

All births

Danish Birth Defect Register

Risk rate calculated by dividing the sum of congenital anomalies by total birth

Kloppenborg et al. 2005 [26]

 

Waste site

Case–control study

All live births, 1983–1984

Congenital malformations registry

Unconditional linear logistic regression

Geschwind et al. 1992 [37]

  

Case–control study

All births and fetal deaths, 1983–1988;

Birth and fetal death certificate

Logistic regression model

Orr et al. 2002 [12]

  

Case–control study

Study of births from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey conducted in 48 states

National Maternal and Infant Health Survey

Univariate and multivariate analyses

Sosniak et al. 1994 [30]

  

Case–control study

All singleton birth

The Newe York State Congenital Malformation Registry

Unconditional logistic regression

Marshall et al. 1997 [38]

  

Singleton infant born alive or stillborn

California birth Defects Monitoring Program

Unconditional logistic regression

Croen et al. 1997 [35]

  

All liveborn

Registry of all cases of confirmed heart disease born in Dallas County, Texas

Chi-square and mantel Haenzel analysis

Malik et al. 2004 [31]

  

All live birth

Childrens’s Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW) and birth record

Logistic regression

Yauck et al. 2004 [22]

  

Live births and fetal deaths

Texas Birth Defects Registry

Logistic regression

Brender et al. 2008 [33]

  

Live births and fetal deaths (unless the termination had a vital record)

Texas Birth Defects Registry

Logistic regression

Brender et al. 2006 [32]

  

Live births and fetal deaths of 20 weeks or greater gestation

Texas Birth Defects Registry

Logistic regression

Suarez et al. 2007 [39]

  

Live births and fetal deaths

Texas Birth Defects Registry and birth or fetal death certificat

Logistic regression

Langlois et al. 2009 [13]

  

Fetal deaths of ≥ 20 weeks gestation and live births,

Washington State vital record

Mantel haenzel analysis, logistic regression

Mueller et al. 2007 [40]

  

Ecologic study

All live birth, stillbirths induced abortions and fetal death

Northern region Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS)

Poisson regressions

Cresswel et al. 2003 [24]

  

Cohort study

Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998

Nova scotia atlee perinatal database

Logistic regression models

Dodds et al. 2001 [55]

  

Descriptive geographical study

All birth defect cases and births during 1982–1989

Glasgow Register of Congenital anomalies

Poisson regressions

Eizaguirre et al. 2000 [25]

 

Case–control study

All singleton infant born during 1987–2001

Birth-hospital discharge records

Multivariable logistic regression

Kuhen et al. 2007 [34]

 

Industries

Ecological study

All births, stillbirths, and terminations in Teesside and Sunderland, 1986–1993

Congenital abnormalities register

Unclear

Bhopal et al. 1999 [48]

 

Retrospective cohort study

All live births and stillbirths

Cohort-based study

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003b [43]

 

Ecological study

All live births and stillbirths

Regional medical center

Calculation of rate

Bentov et al. 2006 [57]

 

Case–control study

All singleton birth

The Newe York State Congenital Malformation Registry

Unconditional logistic regression

Marshall et al. 1997 [38]

 

All live birth

Childrens’s Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW) and birth record

Logistic regression

Yauck et al. 2004 [22]

 

Live births and fetal deaths

Texas Birth Defects Registry

Logistic regression

Brender et al. 2008 [33]

 

Case–control study

Live births and fetal deaths

Texas Birth Defects Registry

Logistic regression

Brender et al. 2008 [33]

 

Live births and fetal deaths of 20 weeks or greater gestation

Texas Birth Defects Registry

Logistic regression

Suarez et al. 2007 [39]

 

Live births and fetal deaths

Texas Birth Defects Registry and birth or fetal death certificat

Logistic regression

Langlois et al. 2009 [13]

 

Dumpsite

Retrospective cohort

Live births and fetal deaths in Alaska Native villages, 1997–2001

Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics

Poisson regression

Gilbreath et al. 2006 [36]

 

Several sites

Case–control study

All live births and fetal deaths 1983–1985

California Births Defects Monitoring Program

Logistic regression

Shaw et al. 1992 [23]

 

Incinerators

Retrospective cohort

All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998

Vital statistic records and birth certificate data

Stone’s unconditional test

Tango et al. 2004 [56]

 

Retrospective cohort study

Live births and stillbirths

Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database)

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003 [44]

 

Crematoriums

Retrospective Cohort study

Live births and stillbirths

Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database)

Multivariate logistic regression

Dummer et al. 2003 [44]