Does exposure to the food environment differ by socioeconomic position? Comparing area-based and person-centred metrics in the Fenland Study, UK

Maguire, Eva R.; Burgoine, Thomas; Penney, Tarra L.; Forouhi, Nita G.; Monsivais, Pablo

doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0106-8

International Journal of Health Geographics

Table 6 Home and combined home and work exposures (mean, 95% CI) to takeaway outlets as a percentage of all food outlets

From: Does exposure to the food environment differ by socioeconomic position? Comparing area-based and person-centred metrics in the Fenland Study, UK

	Home			Home and Work
	800 m	1 km	1 mile	800 m	1 km	1 mile
Educational attainment ^a
Euclidean	N = 9276^d	N = 9568^d	N = 9929^d	N = 6890^d	N = 6961^d	N = 7067^d
Low	22.2 (21.2, 23.2)	23 (22.1, 23.9)	21.4 (20.8, 22.1)	21.1 (20.4, 21.8)	21.7 (21.1, 22.3)	21.7 (21.2, 22.2)
Medium	20.0 (19.4, 20.7)	19.9 (19.4, 20.5)	19.7 (19.2, 20.1)	20.2 (19.8, 20.7)	20.5 (20.1, 20.9)	20.7 (20.4, 21)
High	18.1 (17.5, 18.7)	17.9 (17.4, 18.4)	16.5 (16, 16.9)	17.1 (16.6, 17.5)	17.0 (16.6, 17.3)	16.9 (16.6, 17.2)
p-trend^c	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Network	N = 7850^d	N = 8717^d	N = 9592^d	N = 6479^d	N = 6769^d	N = 7002^d
Low	20.4 (19.1, 21.8)	22.2 (21.3, 23)	21.9 (21.4, 22.5)	20.5 (19.6, 21.4)	20.8 (20.1, 21.6)	21.3 (20.8, 21.8)
Medium	18.4 (17.5, 19.2)	20.3 (19.7, 20.8)	20.5 (20.1, 20.9)	19.1 (18.5, 19.7)	19.7 (19.2, 20.2)	20.2 (19.9, 20.6)
High	16.8 (16.1, 17.5)	17 (16.5, 17.5)	16.6 (16.2, 16.9)	15.9 (15.4, 16.5)	16.5 (16, 17)	16.4 (16.1, 16.7)
p-trend^c	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Equivalised income ^b
Euclidean	N = 8,609^d	N = 8,856^d	N = 9,189^d	N = 6,524^d	N = 6,588^d	N = 6,686^d
<£23,000	21.3 (20.4, 22.2)	21.7 (20.9, 22.5)	20.3 (19.7, 21)	20.3 (19.6, 20.9)	20.8 (20.3, 21.4)	20.9 (20.4, 21.3)
£23,000–£42,999	19.5 (18.9, 20.2)	19.6 (19, 20.2)	18.7 (18.3, 19.2)	19.5 (19, 20)	19.6 (19.2, 20)	19.7 (19.3, 20)
≥£43,000	19.1 (18.4, 19.8)	18.9 (18.3, 19.5)	18.0 (17.5, 18.5)	18.4 (17.9, 18.9)	18.3 (17.9, 18.8)	18.4 (18, 18.7)
p-trend^c	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Network	N = 7498^d	N = 8281^d	N = 9014^d	N = 6153^d	N = 6424^d	N = 6627^d
<£23,000	18.7 (17.5, 19.9)	21.0 (20.2, 21.7)	21 (20.5, 21.5)	19.3 (18.4, 20.1)	19.8 (19.1, 20.6)	20.4 (19.9, 20.9)
£23,000−£42,999	18.2 (17.4, 19.1)	19.6 (19, 20.1)	19.4 (19, 19.8)	18.5 (17.9, 19.1)	19 (18.4, 19.5)	19.2 (18.8, 19.5)
≥£43,000	17.8 (16.9, 18.7)	18.1 (17.6, 18.7)	18.2 (17.8, 18.6)	17.2 (16.5, 17.8)	17.7 (17.1, 18.2)	17.9 (17.5, 18.3)
p-trend^c	0.071	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

All food outlets = takeaways, supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants, cafes
^aEducational attainment: ‘Low’ indicates compulsory school education and corresponding qualifications; ‘Medium’ indicates further education academic or vocational qualifications; ‘High’ represents degree or higher qualifications
^bTotal household income equivalised using a version of the OECD’s modified equivalence scale
^cTest for trend based on linear regression with groups of education/income treated as a continuous variable
^dAnalytic sample size restricted to person-centred neighbourhoods containing a minimum of one none takeaway food outlet

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