Table 3 Spearman’s rank correlations of small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight at term (LBWT) with air substances and land sources (*), in descending correlation rho values

i-Butyl alcohol

1 (0.02 to 0.81)

3 (0.42 to 0.80)

1 (0.32 to 0.81)

2 (0.45 to 0.80)

Asbestos (friable form)

1 (0.73 to 0.73)

1 (0.67 to 0.67)

1 (0.73 to 0.73)

1 (0.67 to 0.67)

*Nighttime Light

2 (− 0.17 to 0.48)

1 (− 0.50 to 0.42)

2 (− 0.40 to 0.51)

3 (− 0.50 to 0.52)

Toluenediisocyanate (mixed isomers)

0 (0.26 to 0.26)

1 (0.42 to 0.42)

0 (0.26 to 0.26)

1 (0.42 to 0.42)

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate

0 (0.26 to 0.26)

1 (0.41 to 0.41)

0 (0.26 to 0.26)

1 (0.41 to 0.41)

Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate

0 (0.26 to 0.26)

1 (0.41 to 0.41)

0 (0.26 to 0.26)

1 (0.41 to 0.41)

Chromium (and its compounds)

2 (− 0.07 to 0.68)

2 (− 0.07 to 0.77)

2 (− 0.23 to 0.68)

2 (− 0.26 to 0.77)

Aluminum (fume or dust)

1 (0.20 to 0.67)

1 (0.25 to 0.76)

1 (− 0.18 to 0.67)

1 (− 0.20 to 0.76)

Hydrogen sulphide

4 (− 0.09 to 0.59)

3 (− 0.06 to 0.67)

3 (− 0.34 to 0.59)

3 (− 0.35 to 0.67)

*Road

2 (− 0.11 to 0.47)

0 (− 0.37 to 0.38)

3 (− 0.01 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.37 to 0.51)

2-Ethoxyethanol

0 (0.25 to 0.25)

1 (0.41 to 0.41)

0 (0.25 to 0.25)

1 (0.41 to 0.41)

Nickel (and its compounds)

2 (− 0.20 to 0.66)

3 (− 0.88 to 0.75)

2 (− 0.24 to 0.66)

2 (− 0.88 to 0.75)

Quinoline (and its salts)

0 (0.25 to 0.25)

1 (0.40 to 0.40)

0 (0.25 to 0.25)

1 (0.40 to 0.40)

Aniline (and its salts)

0 (0.25 to 0.25)

1 (0.40 to 0.40)

0 (0.25 to 0.25)

1 (0.40 to 0.40)

Cyclohexane

3 (− 0.07 to 0.81)

3 (− 0.07 to 0.81)

3 (− 0.27 to 0.81)

3 (− 0.30 to 0.81)

Acetaldehyde

4 (− 0.41 to 0.60)

3 (− 0.07 to 0.59)

4 (− 0.34 to 0.60)

3 (− 0.34 to 0.59)

Phosphorus (total)

1 (− 0.20 to 0.49)

1 (− 0.88 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.88 to 0.46)

Isopropyl alcohol

2 (− 0.40 to 0.52)

3 (− 0.47 to 0.53)

2 (− 0.60 to 0.77)

2 (− 0.67 to 0.52)

PAHs, Total unspeciated

0 (0.30 to 0.32)

1 (0.33 to 0.43)

0 (0.26 to 0.32)

1 (0.29 to 0.43)

Ethylene oxide

0 (− 0.43 to 0.25)

1 (− 0.20 to 0.41)

0 (− 0.30 to 0.25)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.41)

Ammonia (total)

1 (− 0.41 to 0.63)

1 (− 0.75 to 0.73)

1 (− 0.50 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.75 to 0.66)

Phosphorus (yellow or white)

0 (− 0.14 to 0.05)

0 (− 0.14 to 0.23)

0 (− 0.15 to 0.05)

0 (− 0.14 to 0.23)

Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate)

0 (− 0.43 to 0.23)

0 (− 0.49 to 0.38)

0 (0.13 to 0.23)

1 (0.38 to 0.72)

PM₁₀—Particulate Matter <= 10 Microns

3 (− 0.33 to 0.89)

3 (− 0.83 to 0.62)

3 (− 0.75 to 0.93)

4 (− 0.83 to 0.68)

n-Butyl alcohol

1 (− 0.71 to 0.79)

1 (− 0.75 to 0.81)

1 (0.19 to 0.79)

1 (0.36 to 0.81)

Dichloromethane

1 (0.27 to 0.72)

2 (0.42 to 0.74)

1 (− 0.22 to 0.71)

2 (− 0.25 to 0.73)

Ethylene

3 (0.02 to 0.80)

3 (0.02 to 0.79)

3 (− 0.32 to 0.80)

3 (− 0.33 to 0.79)

Styrene

1 (0.00 to 0.81)

1 (− 0.01 to 0.82)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.83)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.85)

Lead (and its compounds)

3 (− 0.07 to 0.68)

4 (− 0.26 to 0.76)

3 (− 0.23 to 0.87)

3 (− 0.65 to 0.76)

*Food Store

1 (− 0.18 to 0.58)

1 (− 0.23 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.18 to 0.58)

1 (− 0.17 to 0.57)

Cumene

1 (0.29 to 0.58)

2 (0.44 to 0.61)

1 (− 0.14 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.09 to 0.60)

Methyl isobutyl ketone

1 (0.07 to 0.69)

1 (0.25 to 0.73)

1 (0.07 to 0.67)

1 (0.08 to 0.71)

Xylene (mixed isomers)

1 (− 0.71 to 0.54)

5 (− 0.74 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.65 to 0.74)

5 (− 0.47 to 0.87)

Sulphur dioxide

5 (− 0.27 to 0.88)

3 (− 0.87 to 0.74)

4 (− 0.35 to 0.91)

2 (− 0.87 to 0.68)

Manganese (and its compounds)

3 (− 0.03 to 0.68)

4 (− 0.34 to 0.72)

3 (− 0.50 to 0.65)

3 (− 0.71 to 0.70)

Fluorene—PAH

2 (− 0.32 to 0.50)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.55)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.52)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.53)

2-Butoxyethanol

1 (− 0.69 to 0.66)

1 (− 0.70 to 0.66)

1 (0.11 to 0.64)

1 (0.11 to 0.64)

*Gas Station

1 (− 0.23 to 0.58)

0 (− 0.25 to 0.30)

2 (− 0.41 to 0.56)

1 (− 0.42 to 0.58)

Naphthalene

1 (− 0.21 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.63)

1 (− 0.40 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

Propylene

1 (− 0.11 to 0.68)

1 (− 0.01 to 0.71)

1 (− 0.30 to 0.70)

1 (− 0.31 to 0.73)

*Health Care

2 (− 0.21 to 0.51)

0 (− 0.36 to 0.24)

2 (− 0.22 to 0.53)

0 (− 0.49 to 0.28)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

3 (− 0.45 to 0.88)

2 (− 0.74 to 0.67)

2 (− 0.45 to 0.92)

1 (− 0.74 to 0.69)

Toluene

1 (− 0.05 to 0.68)

2 (− 0.35 to 0.72)

2 (− 0.66 to 0.74)

3 (− 0.46 to 0.89)

Formic acid

0 (− 0.50 to 0.39)

1 (− 0.50 to 0.52)

0 (− 0.49 to 0.39)

1 (− 0.50 to 0.52)

PM_2.5—Particulate Matter <= 2.5 Microns

4 (− 0.57 to 0.88)

3 (− 0.73 to 0.59)

3 (− 0.57 to 0.91)

4 (− 0.73 to 0.61)

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

1 (− 0.05 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.07 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.38 to 0.67)

1 (− 0.47 to 0.60)

Formaldehyde

2 (− 0.41 to 0.70)

3 (− 0.81 to 0.71)

3 (− 0.29 to 0.83)

3 (− 0.81 to 0.70)

Vanadium (except when in an alloy) and its compounds

1 (− 0.05 to 0.49)

1 (0.05 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.21 to 0.47)

1 (− 0.16 to 0.52)

Carbon disulphide

1 (− 0.21 to 0.41)

1 (− 0.28 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.26 to 0.75)

0 (− 0.32 to 0.30)

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Pyrene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.62)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.66)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

Perylene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Benzo(a)phenanthrene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Benzo(e)pyrene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.27 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Benzo(a)anthracene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.27 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Fluoranthene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.27 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

Methyl ethyl ketone

1 (− 0.21 to 0.80)

1 (− 0.31 to 0.82)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.79)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.81)

Benzene

0 (− 0.12 to 0.29)

1 (− 0.08 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.66 to 0.70)

2 (− 0.31 to 0.88)

Benzo(k)fluoranthene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.64)

*Aboriginal Land

0 (− 0.35 to 0.00)

0 (− 0.29 to 0.03)

0 (− 0.64 to − 0.04)

0 (− 0.29 to 0.23)

Diethanolamine (and its salts)

1 (0.00 to 0.41)

1 (− 0.01 to 0.46)

1 (− 0.25 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.25 to 0.49)

Benzo(a)pyrene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.56)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.60)

Aluminum oxide (fibrous forms)

1 (0.81 to 0.81)

1 (0.80 to 0.80)

1 (0.81 to 0.81)

1 (0.81 to 0.81)

Benzo(j)fluoranthene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.56)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.60)

Benzo(b)fluoranthene—PAH

2 (− 0.27 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.56)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.60)

n-Hexane

2 (− 0.09 to 0.63)

2 (− 0.31 to 0.65)

2 (− 0.36 to 0.53)

2 (− 0.47 to 0.85)

Calcium fluoride

1 (0.67 to 0.67)

1 (0.71 to 0.71)

1 (0.08 to 0.67)

1 (0.08 to 0.70)

Carbonyl sulphide

1 (0.04 to 0.41)

2 (− 0.28 to 0.52)

2 (− 0.26 to 0.75)

1 (− 0.31 to 0.48)

*Mine site

2 (− 0.35 to 0.43)

4 (− 0.41 to 0.50)

1 (− 0.21 to 0.53)

2 (− 0.60 to 0.57)

Biphenyl

1 (0.60 to 0.60)

1 (0.64 to 0.64)

1 (− 0.16 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.11 to 0.63)

*Waste/Landfill

0 (− 0.29 to 0.30)

1 (− 0.31 to 0.42)

1 (− 0.29 to 0.80)

1 (− 0.27 to 0.42)

Ethylene glycol

1 (− 0.69 to 0.41)

2 (− 0.85 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.44 to 0.75)

1 (− 0.85 to 0.49)

Hydrogen fluoride

1 (0.04 to 0.55)

1 (− 0.05 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.09 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.01 to 0.58)

Methyl tert-butyl ether

− 0.01

1 (0.77 to 0.77)

1 (0.78 to 0.78)

1 (0.15 to 0.76)

1 (0.15 to 0.77)

n,n-Dimethylformamide

− 0.02

1 (0.72 to 0.72)

1 (0.74 to 0.74)

1 (0.15 to 0.71)

1 (0.15 to 0.73)

Vinyl acetate

− 0.01

1 (0.56 to 0.56)

1 (0.58 to 0.58)

1 (0.54 to 0.54)

1 (0.57 to 0.57)

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

− 0.01

1 (0.53 to 0.53)

1 (0.57 to 0.57)

1 (0.15 to 0.52)

1 (0.15 to 0.56)

Isoprene

0 (0.00 to 0.00)

0 (− 0.01 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.01 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.01 to − 0.01)

Titanium tetrachloride

0 (0.00 to 0.00)

0 (− 0.01 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.01 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.01 to − 0.01)

Methanol

− 0.01

− 0.01

1 (− 0.39 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.79 to 0.48)

0 (− 0.39 to 0.30)

1 (− 0.79 to 0.48)

Cresol (all isomers and their salts)

− 0.01

− 0.02

1 (0.00 to 0.55)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.72 to 0.58)

Carbon monoxide

− 0.01

− 0.04

2 (− 0.41 to 0.89)

1 (− 0.82 to 0.60)

2 (− 0.41 to 0.92)

2 (− 0.82 to 0.48)

Trichloroethylene

− 0.01

− 0.01

1 (0.49 to 0.49)

1 (0.53 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.24 to 0.51)

1 (− 0.27 to 0.56)

p-Phenylenediamine (and its salts)

− 0.02

− 0.01

0 (− 0.03 to − 0.03)

0 (− 0.03 to − 0.03)

0 (− 0.18 to − 0.18)

0 (− 0.13 to − 0.13)

Acrolein

− 0.02

− 0.10

1 (0.06 to 0.70)

1 (0.00 to 0.67)

1 (0.05 to 0.75)

0 (0.05 to 0.20)

Hexavalent chromium (and its compounds)

− 0.02

0 (− 0.07 to 0.31)

0 (− 0.32 to 0.17)

0 (− 0.50 to 0.08)

0 (− 0.71 to 0.25)

Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene—PAH

− 0.02

− 0.09

1 (− 0.21 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.21 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.58)

7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole—PAH

− 0.02

− 0.11

1 (− 0.21 to 0.55)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.21 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.58)

tert-Butyl alcohol

− 0.02

− 0.03

0 (0.31 to 0.31)

0 (0.35 to 0.35)

0 (0.17 to 0.29)

0 (0.17 to 0.34)

Molybdenum trioxide

− 0.03

− 0.11

1 (− 0.20 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.88 to 0.49)

1 (− 0.20 to 0.43)

1 (− 0.88 to 0.48)

Acenaphthene—PAH

− 0.03

− 0.11

2 (− 0.21 to 0.63)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.66)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.61)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.66)

Chlorine

− 0.04

− 0.02

2 (− 0.55 to 0.54)

3 (− 0.32 to 0.57)

2 (− 0.55 to 0.56)

3 (− 0.72 to 0.60)

Phenanthrene—PAH

− 0.05

− 0.11

1 (− 0.27 to 0.49)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.46)

*Industrial facility

− 0.05

− 0.02

1 (− 0.18 to 0.43)

0 (− 0.46 to 0.29)

1 (− 0.62 to 0.47)

1 (− 0.59 to 0.40)

*Hospital

− 0.05

− 0.03

1 (− 0.19 to 0.44)

0 (− 0.30 to 0.19)

2 (− 0.33 to 0.70)

0 (− 0.47 to 0.19)

5-Methylchrysene—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

1-Nitropyrene—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

Dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.21)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.89)

Dibenz(a,h)acridine—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.02)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.02)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.01)

Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.02)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.02)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.01)

Anthracene

− 0.06

− 0.22

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.03)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.03)

0 (− 0.21 to − 0.19)

0 (− 0.89 to − 0.14)

Dibenz(a,j)acridine—PAH

− 0.06

− 0.13

1 (− 0.21 to 0.55)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.21 to 0.54)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.58)

Sulphuric acid

− 0.06

− 0.10

2 (− 0.21 to 0.52)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.56)

2 (− 0.50 to 0.54)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.58)

Ethylbenzene

− 0.07

− 0.05

2 (− 0.71 to 0.46)

3 (− 0.74 to 0.55)

2 (− 0.37 to 0.69)

1 (− 0.47 to 0.49)

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene—PAH

− 0.07

− 0.14

2 (− 0.21 to 0.55)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.59)

2 (− 0.49 to 0.54)

2 (− 0.89 to 0.58)

Hydrochloric acid

− 0.08

− 0.07

1 (− 0.01 to 0.49)

2 (− 0.32 to 0.61)

0 (− 0.50 to 0.39)

2 (− 0.71 to 0.49)

*High Density Livestock Operation

− 0.08

− 0.08

0 (− 0.41 to 0.14)

0 (− 0.39 to 0.13)

0 (− 0.41 to 0.14)

0 (− 0.18 to 0.14)

Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate

− 0.09

− 0.10

1 (− 0.15 to 0.41)

1 (− 0.15 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.15 to 0.75)

0 (− 0.15 to 0.20)

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene—PAH

− 0.10

− 0.25

1 (− 0.21 to 0.48)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.43)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.51)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.45)

3-Methylcholanthrene—PAH

− 0.10

− 0.25

1 (− 0.21 to 0.49)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.46)

*Power Line

− 0.10

− 0.04

1 (− 0.84 to 0.41)

3 (− 0.31 to 0.67)

0 (− 0.86 to 0.26)

2 (− 0.31 to 0.53)

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

HCFC-142b

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

Carbon tetrachloride

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

Pentachloroethane

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

Dicyclopentadiene

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to 0.00)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

1,3-Butadiene

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to 0.00)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

Chloroethane

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.28 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.31 to − 0.01)

Chloroform

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.31 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.31 to − 0.01)

Vinyl chloride

− 0.10

− 0.08

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.32 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.34 to − 0.01)

Zinc (and its compounds)

− 0.11

− 0.17

2 (− 0.19 to 0.54)

3 (− 0.86 to 0.58)

2 (− 0.50 to 0.54)

2 (− 0.86 to 0.59)

Arsenic (and its compounds)

− 0.11

− 0.13

1 (− 0.18 to 0.55)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.59)

1 (− 0.50 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.71 to 0.57)

Tetrachloroethylene

− 0.12

− 0.12

1 (0.42 to 0.42)

1 (0.47 to 0.47)

1 (− 0.24 to 0.41)

1 (− 0.27 to 0.46)

Dioxins and furans—total

− 0.12

− 0.12

2 (− 0.10 to 0.66)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.70)

2 (− 0.50 to 0.67)

1 (− 0.71 to 0.71)

Nitrogen oxides (expressed as NO₂)

− 0.13

− 0.19

6 (− 0.26 to 0.90)

2 (− 0.83 to 0.61)

3 (− 0.27 to 0.91)

1 (− 0.83 to 0.48)

Chlorine dioxide

− 0.13

− 0.15

1 (− 0.15 to 0.49)

1 (− 0.32 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.72 to 0.46)

Hexachlorobenzene

− 0.13

− 0.14

2 (− 0.03 to 0.49)

2 (− 0.32 to 0.48)

2 (− 0.50 to 0.52)

2 (− 0.71 to 0.52)

*Socioeconomic Index

− 0.14

− 0.14

0 (− 0.59 to 0.21)

0 (− 0.58 to 0.17)

0 (− 0.59 to 0.26)

0 (− 0.58 to 0.24)

1,2-Dichloroethane

− 0.15

− 0.08

0 (− 0.42 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to 0.12)

0 (− 0.26 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.29 to − 0.01)

Acetonitrile

− 0.15

− 0.15

0 (0.13 to 0.13)

0 (0.18 to 0.18)

0 (0.08 to 0.15)

0 (0.14 to 0.15)

1,4-Dioxane

− 0.15

− 0.08

0 (− 0.42 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to 0.12)

0 (− 0.30 to − 0.30)

0 (− 0.32 to − 0.32)

HCFC-22

− 0.15

− 0.08

0 (− 0.42 to − 0.20)

0 (− 0.20 to 0.12)

0 (− 0.30 to − 0.01)

0 (− 0.32 to − 0.01)

*Water body

− 0.17

− 0.12

1 (− 0.62 to 0.49)

0 (− 0.55 to 0.14)

1 (− 0.70 to 0.49)

0 (− 0.63 to 0.22)

Phenol (and its salts)

− 0.17

− 0.18

1 (− 0.13 to 0.41)

1 (− 0.10 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.18 to 0.75)

0 (− 0.19 to 0.20)

Triethylamine

− 0.17

− 0.18

0 (0.06 to 0.06)

0 (0.11 to 0.11)

0 (0.02 to 0.15)

0 (0.07 to 0.15)

Acenaphthylene—PAH

− 0.18

− 0.26

1 (− 0.21 to 0.49)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.44)

1 (− 0.49 to 0.52)

1 (− 0.89 to 0.46)

Nitrilotriacetic acid (and its salts)

− 0.19

− 0.19

0 (− 0.35 to − 0.35)

0 (− 0.35 to − 0.35)

0 (− 0.40 to − 0.40)

0 (− 0.40 to − 0.40)

Mercury (and its compounds)

− 0.19

− 0.21

0 (− 0.18 to 0.37)

1 (− 0.33 to 0.42)

0 (− 0.50 to 0.23)

0 (− 0.71 to 0.28)

Nitrate ion in solution at pH > = 6.0

− 0.19

− 0.19

0 (− 0.33 to − 0.33)

0 (− 0.31 to − 0.31)

0 (− 0.38 to − 0.38)

0 (− 0.37 to − 0.37)

Nitric acid

− 0.19

− 0.19

0 (− 0.34 to − 0.34)

0 (− 0.34 to − 0.34)

0 (− 0.40 to − 0.40)

0 (− 0.39 to − 0.39)

Selenium (and its compounds)

− 0.19

− 0.21

1 (− 0.06 to 0.56)

1 (− 0.43 to 0.61)

1 (− 0.16 to 0.53)

1 (− 0.67 to 0.58)

Silver (and its compounds)

− 0.20

− 0.20

0 (− 0.36 to − 0.36)

0 (− 0.35 to − 0.35)

0 (− 0.42 to − 0.42)

0 (− 0.41 to − 0.41)

Antimony (and its compounds)

− 0.20

− 0.20

0 (− 0.37 to − 0.37)

0 (− 0.36 to − 0.36)

0 (− 0.42 to − 0.18)

0 (− 0.41 to − 0.13)

Cadmium (and its compounds)

− 0.20

− 0.21

3 (− 0.09 to 0.53)

2 (− 0.03 to 0.60)

1 (− 0.34 to 0.44)

2 (− 0.66 to 0.49)

Copper (and its compounds)

− 0.20

− 0.23

1 (− 0.18 to 0.62)

2 (− 0.34 to 0.65)

1 (− 0.21 to 0.61)

1 (− 0.35 to 0.64)

*Wildfire

− 0.24

− 0.28

1 (− 0.35 to 0.57)

0 (− 0.64 to 0.39)

3 (− 0.47 to 0.57)

1 (− 0.71 to 0.75)

Cobalt (and its compounds)

− 0.30

− 0.39

0 (− 0.43 to − 0.03)

1 (− 0.88 to 0.46)

0 (− 0.42 to − 0.11)

0 (− 0.88 to 0.00)

*Cultivated Land

− 0.47

− 0.41

0 (− 0.33 to 0.17)

1 (− 0.34 to 0.49)

1 (− 0.61 to 0.81)

2 (− 0.62 to 0.54)

*Oil/Gas Wellpad

− 0.53

− 0.49

0 (− 0.45 to 0.31)

0 (− 0.34 to 0.33)

2 (− 0.81 to 0.80)

2 (− 0.74 to 0.79)

*Vegetation

− 0.56

− 0.48

2 (− 0.50 to 0.80)

3 (− 0.52 to 0.48)

1 (− 0.48 to 0.83)

3 (− 0.52 to 0.58)