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Table 2 Unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of macro-level demographic and environmental factors and increased odds of legionellosis occurrence

From: Analysis of population-level determinants of legionellosis: spatial and geovisual methods for enhancing classification of high-risk areas

 

Incidence ratea

Standard clusterb

Reliable, high-risk clusterc

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

% ≥ 65 years of age

 < 10

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 10 to < 15

1.10

0.88–1.37

0.60

0.44–0.81

0.45

0.30–0.67

 ≥ 15

0.84

0.66–1.07

0.49

0.35–0.69

0.33

0.20–0.53

% non-white race

 < 10

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 10 to < 50

1.00

0.79–1.26

0.81

0.57–1.17

0.89

0.54–1.47

 ≥ 50

1.67

1.28–2.17

2.67

1.86–3.83

3.07

1.87–5.02

% hispanic ethnicity

 < 5

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 5 to < 20

1.19

0.96–1.48

0.66

0.49–0.88

1.05

0.70–1.58

 ≥ 20

1.08

0.84–1.39

0.47

0.32–0.67

0.78

0.47–1.28

% poverty

 < 5

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 5 to < 15

1.34

1.09–1.65

1.87

1.34–2.62

1.40

0.86–2.25

 ≥ 15

1.49

1.17–1.90

3.78

2.68–5.32

5.04

3.24–7.84

% less or some high school

 < 5

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 5 to < 10

1.24

0.99–1.55

1.22

0.85–1.75

1.52

0.92–2.48

 ≥ 10

1.30

1.04–1.62

2.35

1.70–3.25

2.70

1.72–4.25

% homes built pre-1950

 < 5

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 5 to < 20

1.45

1.17–1.80

4.93

3.02–8.06

4.08

2.24–7.43

 ≥ 20

1.48

1.13–1.92

9.93

5.97–16.50

6.58

3.50–12.35

% homes built pre-1970

 < 15

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 15 to < 35

1.58

1.25–2.00

2.22

1.45–3.40

1.72

1.02–2.91

 ≥ 35

1.78

1.32–2.42

5.33

3.35–8.49

3.94

2.21–7.04

% renter occupied

 < 10

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 10 to < 55

1.06

0.84–1.34

1.41

0.96–2.09

1.50

0.86–2.61

 ≥ 55

1.40

1.08–1.82

2.97

2.00–4.42

4.02

2.31–7.00

% vacant housing

 < 5

–

 

–

 

–

 

 ≥ 5 to < 10

0.85

0.69–1.04

1.42

1.04–1.95

1.81

1.16–2.82

 ≥ 10

1.22

0.96–1.56

2.54

1.82–3.55

3.58

2.27–5.66

Primary water sourced

 Groundwater

–

 

–

 

–

 

 Surface water

0.77

0.60–1.00

0.80

0.56–1.15

0.90

0.56–1.45

  1. Missing values were excluded from analysis
  2. Values in italics are statistically significantly at a significance level of 5%
  3. Ecological study design at the census tract level
  4. aAge- and sex-adjusted incidence greater or equal to 2 cases per 100,000 persons
  5. bSignificant cluster with 50% of population at risk, relative risk greater or equal to 2 cases per 100,000 persons
  6. cExposed census tracts defined as RR > 2 and reliability score > 0.5
  7. dPopulation-weighted centroids of census tracts were joined with public water system polygons