Table 5 Results of multivariate regression models showing only significant correlates of CIM (n = 20 studies)
Study source | Socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics | Social environment | Physical environment |
|---|---|---|---|
Alparone et al. [25] | Age, birth order | fear of strangers Perception of positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy | n. s. |
Buliung et al. [32] (to school) | Age,sex/gender Flexible work schedule | Neighborhood safety | Distance Traffic |
Buliung et al. [32] (from school) | Age, sex/gender, Flexible work schedule, fathers’ employment status | Neighborhood safety | Traffic |
Christian et al. [49] | Age, older siblings | Neighborhood safety Social norms | n. s. |
Cordovil et al. [23] | Age | Mobility license | Car ownership Distance |
Fyhri et al. [62] | Age, sex/gender | Neighborhood safety Fear of strangers | Parents car use frequency Distance |
Janssen et al. [63] | Age | Neighborhood safety Fear of crime | n. s. |
Johannson [56] CIM license | Age, maturity, siblings | Neighborhood safety Traffic perception Need to protect | n. s. |
Johannson [56] CIM range | Age, maturity, siblings | Attitude towards CIM | Car ownership Traffic |
Kytta [16] (Finnish data) | n. s. | Mobility license | Urbanization |
Kytta [64] (Belrushian data) | Sex/gender | n. s. | Urbanization |
Lam and Loo [50] | Age Household income, family structure, mothers’ employment status, domestic helpers at home | n. s. | Distance Urbanization School density |
Lin et al. [57] | Siblings | n.s. | Car ownership Distance |
Mammen et al. [26] | Age Language spoken at home | Fear of strangers Traffic perception | Car ownership Distance |
Prezza et al. [12] | Age, sex/gender | Neighborhood Friendliness | Park accessibility Urban structure Courtyard |
Santos et al. [59]a | n. r. | Neighborhood safety Parents’ physical activity |  |
Veitch et al. [60]b school | Child enjoys walking | child’s personal safety | Walking facilities |
Veitch et al. [60]b local destinations | n. s. | Many other children with in the neighborhood | n.s. |
Wolfe and McDonald [61] | Age, race | Neighborhood safety | Housing unit density |
Multivariate regressions models with separate results for boys and girls | |||
 Carver et al. [52]d girls | n. r. | Parent encouragement for walking | Street connectivity Land use mix |
 Carver et al. [52]d boys | n. r. | Parental rules towards outdoor play | Car ownership |
 Foster et al. [36] girls | n. r. | Fear of strangers Informal social control | n. r. |
 Foster et al. [36] boys | n. r. | Fear of strangers | n. r. |
 Ghekiere et al. [35] girls | Grade Cycle skills Traffic skills | n. s. | traffic |
 Ghekiere et al. [35] boys | Grade Cycle skills Traffic skills | n. s. | n. s. |
 Villanueva et al. [35]e girls | Child’s confidence | Neighborhood safety Traffic perception Confidence in child’s ability | Bike ownership School-specific walkability |
 Villanueva et al. [48]e boys | Child’s confidence | Neighborhood friendliness Traffic perception confidence in child’s ability | Distance to green space Count of shopping centers, recreation venues, community services and retail shops Park attractiveness |
 Villlanueva et al. [48]e girls | Child’s confidence | Neighborhood safety People on walks in the neighborhood Confidence in child’s ability | Bike ownership School-specific walkability |
 Villlanueva et al. [48]e boys | Child’s confidence | Neighborhood safety Many other children with in the neighborhood Traffic perception confidence in child’s ability |  |