From: Validity of environmental audits using GigaPan® and Google Earth Technology
Variable | N | Prevalencea | Gigapan® versus direct observation | Google Earth versus direct observation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity | 95% CI | Specificity | 95% CI | Sensitivity | 95% CI | Specificity | 95% CI | |||
Number of lanes of trafficb | 464 | 81.3 | 83.0 | (78.8, 86.7) | 56.3 | (45.3, 66.9) | 85.9 | (82.0, 89.3) | 57.5 | (46.4, 68.0) |
Street type | 462 | 05.8 | 59.3 | (38.8, 77.6) | 98.9 | (97.3, 99.6) | 66.7 | (46.0, 83.5) | 98.4 | (96.7, 99.4) |
Special speed limit | 457 | 02.6 | 16.7 | (02.1, 48.4) | 99.6 | (98.4, 99.9) | 41.7 | (15.2, 72.3) | 98.2 | (96.5, 99.2) |
Curb | 463 | 80.1 | 95.1 | (92.4, 97.1) | 79.3 | (69.6, 87.1) | 97.0 | (94.8, 98.5) | 82.6 | (73.3, 89.7) |
Street or sidewalk lighting | 459 | 95.6 | 90.9 | (87.8, 93.4) | 65.0 | (40.8, 84.6) | 88.2 | (84.8, 91.0) | 75.0 | (50.9, 91.3) |
Sidewalk | 457 | 80.1 | 97.0 | (94.7, 98.5) | 82.4 | (73.0, 89.6) | 98.1 | (96.1, 99.2) | 82.4 | (73.0, 89.6) |
Street and sidewalk buffer | 350 | 39.1 | 70.1 | (61.7, 77.6) | 79.8 | (73.8, 85.0) | 78.1 | (70.2, 84.7) | 72.3 | (65.8, 78.2) |
Continuous sidewalk | 351 | 96.6 | 90.9 | (87.3, 93.7) | 00.0 | (00.0, 26.5) | 87.6 | (83.6, 90.9) | 33.3 | (9.9, 65.1) |
Continuous sidewalk both ends | 350 | 96.6 | 69.8 | (64.6, 74.7) | 75.0 | (42.8, 94.5) | 78.4 | (73.6, 82.7) | 83.3 | (51.6, 97.9) |
Traffic light | 462 | 18.2 | 79.8 | (69.6, 87.7) | 97.4 | (95.2, 98.7) | 92.9 | (85.1, 97.3) | 98.4 | (96.6, 99.4) |
Ped. signal at traffic light | 462 | 06.5 | 53.3 | (34.3, 71.7) | 97.7 | (95.8, 98.9) | 73.3 | (54.1, 87.7) | 98.1 | (96.4, 99.2) |
Stop sign | 459 | 39.4 | 79.0 | (72.3, 84.7) | 91.7 | (87.8, 94.7) | 86.2 | (80.3, 90.9) | 92.1 | (88.3, 95.0) |
Children/special pop sign | 461 | 05.0 | 13.0 | (02.8, 33.6) | 98.9 | (97.4, 99.6) | 34.8 | (16.4, 57.3) | 97.9 | (96.1, 99.1) |
Marked bike lane | 462 | 03.7 | 52.9 | (27.8, 77.0) | 99.6 | (98.4, 99.9) | 47.1 | (23.0, 72.2) | 99.8 | (98.8, 100) |
Marked crosswalk | 459 | 32.7 | 56.0 | (47.7, 64.1) | 92.9 | (89.4, 95.5) | 72.0 | (64.1, 79.0) | 93.9 | (90.6, 96.3) |
Median with traffic island | 463 | 02.4 | 63.6 | (30.8, 89.1) | 100.0 | (99.2, 100) | 63.6 | (30.8, 89.1) | 100 | (99.2, 100) |