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Table 1 Description of variables used in this study

From: Continuities and changes in spatial patterns of under-five mortality at the district level in India (1991–2011)

Under-five mortality rate (5q0)

Probability of dying between birth and the exact age of 5

Female literacy

Percentage of women aged 15–49 in the district who are literate

Female labor force participation rate

Percentage of women aged 15–59 in the district who are currently at work

Female scheduled caste and tribe

Percentage of women belonging to a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe in the district

Access to sanitation facilities

Percentage of households in the district with access to toilet facilities

Access to safe water

Percentage of households in the district with access to safe water from tap, hand pump and tube well (treated and untreated)

Road infrastructure

Percentage of villages in the district approached by pucca (paved) roads

Access to medical facilities

Percentage of villages in the district having medical facilities

Urbanization

Percentage of the population in each district living in urban areas

Access to electricity

Percentage of households in each district with access to electricity