Continuities and changes in spatial patterns of under-five mortality at the district level in India (1991–2011)

Singh, Akansha; Masquelier, Bruno

doi:10.1186/s12942-018-0159-3

International Journal of Health Geographics

Table 5 OLS regression estimates for under-five mortality rate in each cluster, 1991 and 2011

From: Continuities and changes in spatial patterns of under-five mortality at the district level in India (1991–2011)

	1991				2011
	Estimate	Std. Error	t-value	p value	Estimate	Std. Error	t-value	p value
Cluster 1
(Intercept)	111.22	12.12	9.17	0.00***	110.89	13.33	8.32	0.00***
Female literacy	− 0.43	0.15	− 2.79	0.01**	− 0.51	0.18	− 2.84	0.01**
Female labor force participation rate	− 0.10	0.13	− 0.77	0.45	− 0.08	0.12	− 0.70	0.48
Female scheduled caste and tribe	0.57	0.16	3.46	0.00***	0.36	0.11	3.29	0.00**
Access to sanitation facilities	0.27	0.11	2.33	0.02*	− 0.04	0.09	− 0.46	0.65
Access to safe water	0.17	0.10	1.63	0.11	0.20	0.08	2.43	0.02*
Road infrastructure	− 0.32	0.10	− 3.29	0.00**	− 0.08	0.07	− 1.19	0.24
Access to medical facilities	0.04	0.08	0.50	0.62	− 0.11	0.06	− 1.84	0.07
Urbanization	− 0.29	0.13	− 2.29	0.02*	0.05	0.09	0.56	0.58
Access to electricity	− 0.27	0.13	− 2.16	0.03*	− 0.15	0.13	− 1.12	0.26
Adjusted R²		0.56			0.62
Cluster 2
(Intercept)	250.72	16.46	15.23	0.00***	150.95	22.34	6.76	0.00***
Female literacy	− 0.43	0.38	− 1.14	0.26	− 0.26	0.27	− 0.94	0.35
Female labor force participation rate	− 0.53	0.25	− 2.10	0.04*	− 0.64	0.24	− 2.70	0.01**
Female scheduled caste and tribe	− 0.05	0.26	− 0.19	0.85	0.29	0.17	1.74	0.09
Access to sanitation facilities	− 0.39	0.63	− 0.62	0.54	− 0.51	0.25	− 2.05	0.04*
Access to safe water	− 0.46	0.24	− 1.94	0.06	− 0.25	0.18	− 1.36	0.18
Road infrastructure	− 0.96	0.28	− 3.39	0.00**	0.09	0.11	0.77	0.44
Access to medical facilities	− 0.32	0.12	− 2.61	0.01*	0.05	0.10	0.49	0.62
Urbanization	− 0.20	0.30	− 0.67	0.50	0.16	0.20	0.79	0.44
Access to electricity	− 0.11	0.30	− 0.38	0.71	− 0.13	0.13	− 1.01	0.32
Adjusted R²		0.62			0.52
Cluster 3
(Intercept)	193.58	29.97	6.46	0.00***	176.84	23.57	7.50	0.00***
Female literacy	− 1.95	0.49	− 4.01	0.00***	− 0.71	0.34	− 2.11	0.04*
Female labor force participation rate	− 0.92	0.42	− 2.19	0.03*	− 0.41	0.38	− 1.07	0.29
Female scheduled caste and tribe	0.33	0.26	1.28	0.21	0.38	0.18	2.19	0.03*
Access to sanitation facilities	0.52	0.27	1.92	0.06	− 0.71	0.22	− 3.22	0.00**
Access to safe water	0.43	0.26	1.68	0.10	− 0.04	0.13	− 0.34	0.74
Road infrastructure	− 0.63	0.47	− 1.32	0.19	0.26	0.16	1.64	0.11
Access to medical facilities	0.32	0.43	0.74	0.47	0.01	0.18	0.08	0.93
Urbanization	0.53	0.58	0.93	0.36	0.24	0.29	0.85	0.40
Access to electricity	− 0.91	0.49	− 1.84	0.07	− 0.23	0.22	− 1.06	0.30
Adjusted R²		0.49			0.43
Cluster 4
(Intercept)	157.54	13.22	11.92	0.00***	189.43	25.18	7.52	0.00***
Female literacy	− 1.21	0.21	− 5.7	0.00***	− 0.70	0.27	− 2.58	0.01*
Female labor force participation rate	− 0.28	0.13	− 2.23	0.03*	− 0.61	0.15	− 3.95	0.00***
Female scheduled caste and tribe	0.33	0.12	2.63	0.01*	0.14	0.10	1.46	0.15
Access to sanitation facilities	0.07	0.12	0.62	0.54	0.12	0.13	0.91	0.36
Access to safe water	0.10	0.13	0.74	0.46	− 0.25	0.20	− 1.25	0.21
Road infrastructure	− 0.40	0.08	− 4.93	0.00***	0.06	− 0.75	0.45
Access to medical facilities	0.03	0.07	0.46	0.64	− 0.13	0.09	− 1.52	0.13
Urbanization	− 0.10	0.11	− 0.93	0.36	0.14	0.08	1.71	0.09
Access to electricity	− 0.10	0.13	− 0.74	0.46	− 0.43	0.11	− 3.93	0.00***
Adjusted R²		0.71			0.62
Cluster 5
(Intercept)	188.44	36.76	5.13	0.00***	193.82	41.53	4.67	0.00***
Female literacy	− 2.46	0.72	− 3.42	0.00**	− 0.80	0.42	− 1.89	0.07
Female labor force participation rate	0.87	0.6	1.45	0.15	0.81	0.48	1.67	0.10
Female scheduled caste and tribe	− 0.63	0.42	− 1.5	0.14	− 0.62	0.33	− 1.85	0.07
Access to sanitation facilities	− 1.31	0.76	− 1.72	0.09	− 0.46	0.30	− 1.53	0.13
Access to safe water	− 0.84	0.25	− 3.39	0.00**	− 0.48	0.30	− 1.62	0.11
Road infrastructure	0.64	0.48	1.34	0.19	− 0.04	0.09	− 0.50	0.62
Access to medical facilities	− 0.06	0.12	− 0.49	0.62	0.02	0.08	0.30	0.77
Urbanization	0.68	0.52	1.32	0.20	0.24	0.23	1.02	0.31
Access to electricity	1.04	0.38	2.74	0.01**	0.21	0.16	1.28	0.21
Adjusted R²		0.54			0.26
Cluster 6
(Intercept)	132.81	16.97	7.82	0.00***	69.79	23.36	2.99	0.00**
Female literacy	0.24	0.42	0.58	0.57	0.29	0.34	0.85	0.40
Female labor force participation rate	− 0.92	0.35	− 2.62	0.01*	1.02	0.34	3.02	0.00**
Female scheduled caste and tribe	0.28	0.23	1.22	0.23	0.00	0.13	− 0.03	0.98
Access to sanitation facilities	− 1.09	0.50	− 2.19	0.03*	− 0.35	0.17	− 2.02	0.05*
Access to safe water	0.00	0.15	− 0.02	0.99	0.04	0.12	0.32	0.75
Road infrastructure	0.75	0.29	2.56	0.01*	0.10	0.09	1.15	0.26
Access to medical facilities	− 1.03	0.33	− 3.14	0.00**	− 0.29	0.11	− 2.64	0.01*
Urbanization	− 0.30	0.34	− 0.90	0.37	0.32	0.14	2.30	0.03*
Access to electricity	− 0.11	0.39	− 0.28	0.78	− 0.40	0.17	− 2.41	0.02*
Adjusted R²		0.45				0.53

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

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ISSN: 1476-072X

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