Table 3 Statistical modeling results

Fixed parts

(Intercept)

20.78

− 5.15 to 46.72

0.114

0.21

0.11 to 0.40

< 0.001

38.38

10.40 to 66.36

0.007

0.38

0.18 to 0.80

0.011

Age

0.07

− 0.37 to 0.50

0.758

1

0.99 to 1.01

0.961

0.07

− 0.32 to 0.47

0.719

1

0.99 to 1.01

0.907

Sex (ref. female)

− 3.46

− 12.85 to 5.93

0.462

0.95

0.79 to 1.15

0.622

− 4.56

− 13.04 to 3.92

0.292

0.93

0.76 to 1.13

0.469

Race (ref. non-white)

− 7.78

− 19.65 to 4.08

0.193

0.87

0.67 to 1.14

0.311

− 7.73

− 18.53 to 3.08

0.161

0.89

0.67 to 1.17

0.394

Education (ref. < college grad)

− 3.46

− 15.54 to 8.61

0.567

0.95

0.73 to 1.24

0.71

− 1.9

− 12.78 to 8.98

0.732

0.98

0.75 to 1.29

0.909

Household Income (ref. ≤ $50 k)

− 2.92

− 15.49 to 9.66

0.643

0.92

0.72 to 1.19

0.531

− 1.93

− 13.34 to 9.49

0.741

0.94

0.72 to 1.22

0.628

Children (ref. no children)

1.51

− 12.36 to 15.38

0.828

1.02

0.77 to 1.36

0.869

2

− 10.63 to 14.63

0.757

1.02

0.76 to 1.37

0.891

Car ownership (ref. no car)

15.01^**

1.61 to 28.41

0.029

1.34^*

0.99 to 1.82

0.057

16.54^***

4.47 to 28.61

0.007

1.41^**

1.03 to 1.93

0.034

Primary travel mode (ref. transit user)

Random parts

Driver

32.96^***

16.78 to 49.14

< 0.001

2.62^***

1.74 to 3.97

< 0.001

σ² = 219.324

–

Walker

26.87^***

12.38 to 41.36

< 0.001

2.34^***

1.60 to 3.45

< 0.001

τ₀₀ = 154.055

τ₀₀ = 0.138

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

N = 3

N = 3

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

ICC = 0.413

ICC = 0.056

Observations

57

57

57

57

R²/adj. R²

0.581/0.501

–

R²/Ω ²₀  = 0.578/0.577

Deviance = 51.43