Table 2 List of studies reviewed on the association of area-level deprivation and cardiometabolic risk prevalence
First author Country | Sample Age group | Design Spatial unit | CMRFs* (data source) | Proxies of ASED (data source) | Association | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bonney et al. Australia [26] | 91,776 adults 55.2 ± 15.66 | Cross-sectional higherarchical 631 census collection districts | BMI (the SIMLR study) | Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (Australian Census 2006) | +ve (women) |
2 | Unger et al. USA [27] | 5805 adults 45–84 years | Prospective cohort higherarchical Census tract level | BMI, BP, BS, TC- CVH score (The MESA study) | Neighbourhood SES (constructed summary score) | +ve |
3 | Maier et al. Germany [29] | 33,690 adults < 30 years | Cross-sectional design 412 districts | T2DM, obesity (GEDA national health interview survey)‘ | German Index of Multiple Deprivation score (assessed by GIMD) | +ve (women) |
4 | Silhol et al. France [33] | 19,808 adults 35–50 years | Cross-sectional cohort Municipality level | Incidence of CHD (French GAZEL cohort Data) | Area socio - economic position (French Census 1990) | −ve |
5 | Naimi et al. Canada [36] | 342 adults 18–55 years | Cross-sectional 7 census tracts | BMI, HbA1c, TG, TC, HDL—TCR (Montreal Neighbourhood Survey of Lifestyle and Health) | Area-level unemployment (Canada Census 2001) | +ve |
6 | Cox et al. Scotland [24] | 3917 adults < 35 years | Cross-sectional 3382 census output areas (OA) | T2DM (DARTS Diabetes Audit and Research Tayside Scotland dataset) | Area deprivation (The Carstairs score based on 2001 Scotland census data) | +ve |
7 | Andersen et al. UK [35] | 4286 women 60–79 years | Cross-sectional 457 British electoral wards | T2DM, FBG, IR (British Women’s Heart and Health Study) | Area deprivation (The Carstairs score based on 2001 census data) | +ve |
8 | Gabert et al. USA [25] | 63,053 DM 18–74 years | Retrospective observational 120 zip code areas | BP, HbA1c, LDL (Minnesota Community Measurement electronic health records) | Area-level indicators of SES (based on American Community Survey 2013) | +ve |
9 | Dragano et al. GR-Czech [32] | GR: 4814 adults CZ: 8856 adults 57.7 ± 6.6 years | 2 longitudinal cohort studies 326 pre-existing administrative units | Obesity, HT (GR: ‘Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) Study’, Czech: ‘Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) Study’) | Area-level socioeconomic status (based on census data) | +ve |
10 | Cubbin et al. Sweden [31] | 18,081 adults 25–64 years | Pooled cross-sectional data 8624 SAMS neighbourhoods | Obesity, DM, HT (Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey (SALLS), 1988–89) | Neighbourhood deprivation (assessed by Care Need Index (CNI) 1997 data) | +ve |
11 | Mujahid et al. USA [28] | 13,167 adults 45–64 years | Crosssectional and longitudinal (3–9 years) Census block | BMI (The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ARIC Study) | Neighbourhood SES score (1990 U.S. Census1990) | −ve |
12 | Lawlor et al. UK [34] | 4286 women 60–79 years | Cross-sectional 457 electoral wards | Coronary heart disease (British Women’s Heart and Health Study) | Residential area deprivation(The Carstairs score based on 1991 UK census data) | +ve |
13 | Roux et al. USA [30] | 3093 adults 28–40 years | Cross-sectional 10 years follow up 2260 census block (in 45 states). | BMI, HDL, TG, BP, FI and FG -IRS (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults CARDIA Study) | Neighbourhood SES score (1990 U.S. Census) | −ve |
14 | Keita et al. USA [22] | 19,079 black/white age > 45 years | Cross-sectional cohort Census block group | Obesity, WC, BP, FBG, TG, low-HDL (REGARDS study). | Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation(US Census 2000) | +ve (black/white) |
15 | Clark, et al. USA [23] | 3909 Afro-Americans 35–84 years | Cross-sectional cohort 102 census tracts | TG, FBG, BP, WC, low-HDL (Jackson Heart Study). | Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (US Census 2000) | +ve (women) |
16 | Barber et al. Brazil [21] | 10617 adults 35–75 years | Cross sectional cohort Study defined clusters of contiguous census tracts | DM and HT (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health) | Area level economic residential segregation (IBGE census 2010) | +ve |