Urban and rural differences in geographical accessibility to inpatient palliative and end-of-life (PEoLC) facilities and place of death: a national population-based study in England, UK

Table 2 Association between geographic access and place of death in rural and urban areas

Models	Geographic access (min)	Rural		Urban
Models	Geographic access (min)	Unadjusted PRs (95% CI)	Adjusted PR (95% CI)	Unadjusted PRs (95% CI)	Adjusted PR (95% CI)
1	Drive time to hospices
Hospice versus home	0–10 min	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	10–30 min	0.77 (0.72–0.81)***	0.80 (0.76–0.85)***	0.84 (0.82–0.86)***	0.83 (0.81–0.86)***
	30–50 min	0.57 (0.52–0.62)***	0.64 (0.58–0.70)***	0.73 (0.70–0.77)***	0.74 (0.70–0.77)***
	Over 50 min	0.42 (0.36–0.48)***	0.49 (0.43–0.56)***	0.47 (0.40–0.54)***	0.50 (0.43–0.59)***
2	Drive time to hospitals
Hospital versus home	0–10 min	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
	10–30 min	0.99 (0.97–1.00)*	0.98 (0.96–0.99)***	0.98 (0.97–0.99)***	0.99 (0.99–1.00).
	30–50 min	0.99 (0.96–1.02)	0.95 (0.92–0.98)**	0.96 (0.93–0.98)**	0.97 (0.95–1.00)*
	Over 50 min	0.80 (0.58–1.12)	0.79 (0.59–1.06)	0.94 (0.82–1.09)	0.98 (0.86–1.13)

Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated from modified poisson regression. PR > 1 indicates a higher likelihood of death at hospice or hospital compared to the reference category. PR < 1 suggest lower likelihood of hospice or hospital death compared to the reference category (Ref - reference group). Adjusted PRs were derived by adjusting for age, cause of death (COD), gender, marital status, Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), number of contributory cause of deaths (NCODs) and regions. Triple asterisks (***) denotes p value less than 0.001, double asterisks (**) is p value less than 0.01 and Single asterisk (*) is less than 0.05 and a dot (.) means p value less than 0.1

ISSN: 1476-072X