Spatial predictive properties of built environment characteristics assessed by drop-and-spin virtual neighborhood auditing

Plascak, Jesse J.; Schootman, Mario; Rundle, Andrew G.; Xing, Cathleen; Llanos, Adana A. M.; Stroup, Antoinette M.; Mooney, Stephen J.

doi:10.1186/s12942-020-00213-5

International Journal of Health Geographics

Table 2 Small-scale spatial properties of neighborhood audit item responses, Essex County, NJ

From: Spatial predictive properties of built environment characteristics assessed by drop-and-spin virtual neighborhood auditing

Audit item	Detrending	Theoretical semivariogram	Nugget	Partial sill/b	Range (km)/p	RMSPE	% RMSPE change (of rater adjustment)	Evidence of anisotropy
Garbage	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Matern	0.935	0.063, 0.13	4.731, 0.871	0.3940		None
Garbage	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-Matern	0.727	0.063, 0.104	4.385, 0.795	0.3376	–14.31	None
Abandoned Cars	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Sine hole	0	0.012, 0.007	1E−6, 1E−6	0.0491		NA
Abandoned Cars	3rd order spatial + rater	Spherical-Sine hole	6.80E−04	0.16, 0.002	1E−6, 0.762	0.0489	− 0.32	NA
Building conditions ≥ moderate	3rd order spatial	Power^a-Sine hole	0.532	1E−6, 0.0247	0.513, 2.470	0.2806		≥ Mid-range
Building conditions ≥ moderate	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-sine hole	4.70E−06	0.025, 0.493	2.489, 1E−6	0.2704	− 3.63	≥ Mid-range
Yard conditions ≥ moderate	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Matern	0.459	0.045, 0.019	2.614, 1E−6	0.2596		≥ Mid-range
Yard conditions ≥ moderate	3rd order spatial + rater	Power^a-Sine hole	0.429	1.4E−6, 0.045	0, 2.655	0.2455	− 5.44	≥ Mid-range
Dumpster	3rd order spatial	Matern-sine hole	0.501	1.0E−6, 0.007	9.052, 1.650	0.2596		≥ Mid-range
Dumpster	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-sine hole	0.485	0.015, 1.0E−6	0.821, 6.511	0.2567	− 1.11	≥ Mid-range
Graffiti	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Gaussian	0.025	0.017, 0.421	1.020, 1.0E−6	0.2606		≥ Mid-range
Graffiti	3rd order spatial + rater	Matern-Sine hole	0.433	6.3E−5, 0.016	10.141, 1.028	0.2566	− 1.54	≥ Mid-range
Boarded/burned building	3rd order spatial	Cubic	0.032	0.306	0.231	0.2138		≥ Mid-range
Boarded/burned building	3rd order spatial + rater	Spherical-Matern	0.004	1.0E−6, 0.333	4.085, 0.094	0.2140	0.12	≥ Mid-range
Outdoor seating	3rd order spatial	Sine hole	1.131	0.015	4.405	0.4222		None
Outdoor seating	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-spherical	0.006	0.011, 1.089	4.385, 1.0E−6	0.4078	− 3.41	None
Team sports	3rd order spatial	Power^a-sine hole	0.1658	8.6E−5, 0.023	2, 6.4E−5	0.1352		None
Team sports	3rd order spatial + rater	Power^a	0.186	8.70E−05	2	0.1349	− 0.22	None
Yard Decorations	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-gaussian	1.095	0.046, 0.146	4.591, 0.649	0.4208		None
Yard Decorations	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-Matern	0.023	0.048, 1.141	4.652, 0.278	0.4003	− 4.87	None
Fences	3rd order spatial	Gaussian-Exponential	0.65	0.109, 0.200	10.758, 0.435	0.3443		≥ Mid-range
Fences	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-matern	4.10E−05	0.064, 0.826	10.723, 0.351	0.3311	− 3.81	≥ Mid-range
Sidewalk present	3rd order spatial	Matern-sine hole	0	0.904, 0.069	1.869, 3.022	0.2952		≥ Mid-range
Sidewalk present	3rd order spatial + rater	Power^a-matern	0.558	2.70E−4, 0.381	2, 1.683	0.3035	2.8	≥ Mid-range
Complete sidewalk	3rd order spatial	Gaussian-sine hole	0.443	0.164, 0.015	7.648, 2.542	0.2512		None
Complete sidewalk	3rd order spatial + rater	Gaussian-spherical	0.432	0.107, 0.070	8.959, 10.3981	0.2511	− 0.01	None
Sidewalk condition	3rd order spatial	Gaussian-Sine hole	1.225	1.8E−6, 0.029	1.0E−6, 2.409	0.4403		None
Sidewalk condition	3rd order spatial + rater	Exponential-sine hole	1.106	1.0E−6, 0.034	4.139, 2.495	0.4297	− 2.39	None
Sidewalk width	3rd order spatial	Gaussian-exponential	0.019	0.637, 0.005	0.099, 1.0E−6	0.2870		None
Sidewalk width	3rd order spatial + rater	Cubic-matern	0.11	1.0E−6, 0.538	4.782, 0.109	0.2779	− 3.18	None
Sidewalk from Curb Distance	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Spherical	0.04	0.076, 0.011	1.0E−6, 3.918	0.0938		≥ Mid-range
Sidewalk from Curb Distance	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-exponential	0.036	0.012, 0.076	3.953, 1.0E−6	0.0936	− 0.15	≥ Mid-range
Car Obstruction	3rd order spatial	Gaussian-cubic	0.09	9.5E−4, 0.320	1.0E−6, 0.251	0.2003		≥ Mid-range
Car Obstruction	3rd order spatial + rater	Spherical-spherical	0.006	0.368, 0.034	0.208, 1.0E−6	0.1996	− 0.32	≥ Mid-range
Garbage can obstruction	3rd order spatial	Power^a	0.388	1.60E−04	2	0.1979		None
Garbage can obstruction	3rd order spatial + rater	Power^a-sine hole	0.372	1.4E−4, 0.014	2, 1.0E−6	0.1974	− 0.27	None
Pole or Sign obstruction	3rd order spatial	Power^a	0.338	5.90E−04	2	0.1620		≥ Mid-range
Pole or Sign obstruction	3rd order spatial + rater	Power^a-sine hole	0.018	6.2E − 5, 0.298	2, 1.0E−6	0.1624	0.29	≥ Mid-range
Other obstruction	3rd order spatial	Spherical-gaussian	6.10E−04	2.2E−4, 0.495	1.0E−6, 0.067	0.2450		None
Other obstruction	3rd order spatial + rater	Matern-matern	2.80E−04	1.6E−4, 0.491	1.0E−6, 0.068	0.2427	− 0.93	None
Curb Cuts	3rd order spatial	Matern-sine hole	9.00E−09	1.345, 0.026	0.094, 4.131	0.4751		None
Curb Cuts	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-Power^a	1.186	6.1E−3, 0.030	4.303, 0.360	0.4587	− 3.45	None
Clear Intersection	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Matern	3.30E−05	0.028, 1.272	12.078, 0.409	0.4148		None
Clear Intersection	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-matern	9.20E−05	0.028, 1.271	11.815, 0.410	0.4143	− 0.12	None
Pedestrian Crossing Sign	3rd order spatial	Spherical-Cubic	0.383	1.0E−6, 0.494	6.008, 0.258	0.3739		None
Pedestrian Crossing Sign	3rd order spatial + rater	Spherical-Matern	0.242	1.0E−3, 0.630	1.0E−6, 8.550	0.3747	0.2	None
Pedestrian Signal	3rd order spatial	Spherical-matern	0.063	6.8E−4, 0.713	1.0E−6, 0.148	0.3348		≥ Mid-range
Pedestrian Signal	3rd order spatial + rater	Matern-matern	0.117	4.5E−3, 0.646	8.045, 0.1523	0.3326	− 0.67	≥ Mid-range
Pedestrian crossing marks	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-Matern	0.649	0.074, 0.416	8.039, 0.991	0.3634		≥ Mid-range
Pedestrian crossing marks	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-matern	0.597	0.068, 0.447	7.660, 0.988	0.3676	1.15	≥ Mid-range
Type of pedestrian crosswalk marks	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-gaussian	0.669	0.053, 0.457	3.671, 0.259	0.3582		Yes, E-SE
Type of pedestrian crosswalk marks	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-matern	0	0.052, 1.124	3.672, 0.187	0.3530	− 1.44	Yes, E-SE
Traffic signal type	3rd order spatial	Sine hole-cubic	0.8	0.119, 0.215	11.930, 0.631	0.3786		None
Traffic signal type	3rd order spatial + rater	Matern-spherical	0.779	0.174, 0.226	11.967, 0.583	0.3763	− 0.59	None
One-way Street	3rd order spatial	Exponential-matern	0.081	1.0E−6, 0.462	6.700, 0.146	0.2397		≥ Mid-range
One-way Street	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-exponential	0.005	0.041, 0.491	0.182, 0.100	0.2412	0.62	≥ Mid-range
Number of lanes	3rd order spatial	Exponential-sine hole	0.493	0.188, 0.057	0.690, 2.295	0.3066		≥ Mid-range
Number of lanes	3rd order spatial + rater	Matern-spherical	0.22	0.364, 0.155	0.210, 3.020	0.2880	− 6.09	≥ Mid-range
Presence of highway	3rd order spatial	Power^a-matern	0.126	1.9E−4, 0.236	2, 0.738	0.1611		≥ Mid-range
Presence of highway	3rd order spatial + rater	Power^a-matern	0.126	1.9E−4, 0.236	2, 0.737	0.1616	0.31	≥ Mid-range
Highway is barrier	3rd order spatial	Cubic-sine hole	0	0.772, 0.206	0.412, 2.597	0.4451		≥ Mid-range
Highway is barrier	3rd order spatial + rater	Sine hole-Gaussian	0.043	0.180, 0.641	2.439, 1.0E−6	0.4690	5.37	≥ Mid-range

All kriging was local, with radius set at 1.3 km (approx 1/20th of largest distance between points) or the shortest distance to include 30 neighbors in Kriging calculations
^a Power semivariogram b and p are not partial sill and range values and cannot be compared to values of other semivariograms

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