Virtual audits of the urban streetscape: comparing the inter-rater reliability of GigaPan® to Google Street View

Table 3 Traffic and safety features for street segments

Feature	N	PR		PA		Cohen’s kappa				PABAK
Feature	N	GP	GSV	GP (%)	GSV (%)	GP	95% CI	GSV	95% CI	GP	95% CI	GSV	95% CI
Stop sign*	103	0.33	0.34	93	95	0.85	[0.74, 0.96]	0.89	[0.80, 0.99]	0.86	[0.76,0.97]	0.90	[0.82, 0.99]
Sidewalk	106	0.81	0.80	92	89	0.83	[0.73, 0.94]	0.76	[0.64, 0.89]	0.87	[0.79, 0.95]	0.83	[0.74. 0.92]
Marked crosswalk*	104	0.22	0.27	94	91	0.83	[0.70, 0.97]	0.78	[0.65, 0.92]	0.88	[0.79, 0.98]	0.83	[0.72, 0.94]
Traffic light*	104	0.16	0.14	93	98	0.75	[0.56, 0.93]	0.92	[0.81, 1.00]	0.87	[0.76, 0.97]	0.96	[0.91, 1.00]
Curb	106	0.78	0.73	86	70	0.68	[0.54, 0.82]	0.45	[0.31, 0.59]	0.79	[0.69, 0.89]	0.55	[0.41, 0.68]
Number of traffic lanes*	105	0.73	0.73	87	90	0.66	[0.50, 0.82]	0.76	[0.61, 0.90]	0.73	[0.60, 0.87]	0.81	[0.70, 0.92]
Street or sidewalk lighting	105	0.87	0.81	79	71	0.56	[0.40, 0.72]	0.44	[0.27, 0.61]	0.69	[0.57, 0.80]	0.57	[0.44, 0.70]
Continuous sidewalk	81	0.88	0.83	74	86	0.43	[0.32, 0.50]	0.72	[0.57, 0.86]	0.61	[0.46, 0.76]	0.78	[0.66, 0.90]
Street and sidewalk buffer	80	0.27	0.34	75	68	0.42	[0.21, 0.63]	0.35	[0.16, 0.54]	0.63	[0.48, 0.77]	0.51	[0.35, 0.67]
Continuous sidewalk (both ends)	81	0.75	0.78	65	80	0.38	[0.32, 0.41]	0.63	[0.53, 0.78]	0.48	[0.32, 0.64]	0.70	[0.57, 0.84]
Missing curb cuts at crossing	79	0.25	0.13	53	77	−0.17	[−0.20, −0.11]	0.06	[−0.04, 0.29]	0.30	[0.13, 0.47]	0.66	[0.51, 0.80]

PR average prevalence, PA percent agreement, GP GigaPan®, GSV Google Street View, CI confidence interval, PABAK prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa. An * denotes the variable was dichotomous. All other variables not denoted with * were recoded to be dichotomous solely when calculating prevalence. Significant differences across audit tools are italicized.

ISSN: 1476-072X