Table 1 A summary of the environmental data used, data source, and time frame

Supermarkets

 Ministry for Primary Industries (2017)

 Territorial Authorities (2013–2015)

Extracted based on propriety classifications provided by MPI/TA and the business name of multinational franchises

Geocoded to address level

99% match rate using Google API

Full street address provided

Fast food

 Ministry for Primary Industries (2017)

 Territorial Authorities (2013–2015)

Extracted based on propriety classifications provided by MPI/TA and the business name of multinational franchises

Food outlets: businesses that manufacture, prepare, or sell food or food products are required to be registered through the Ministry for Primary Industries Food Control Programme and/or Territorial Authorities

Health licenses

Geocoded to address level

99% match rate using Google API

Full street address provided

Takeaway

 Ministry for Primary Industries (2017)

 Territorial Authorities (2013–2015)

Extracted based on propriety classifications provided by MPI/TA and the business name of national businesses providing takeaway food options

Geocoded to address level

99% match rate using Google API

Full street address provided

Dairy/convenience

 Ministry for Primary Industries (2017)

 Territorial Authorities (2013–2015)

Extracted based on propriety classifications provided by MPI/TA and the business name of retailers selling pre-packaged convenience foods (includes dairy, convenience, superette, service stations, small grocers)

Geocoded to address level

99% match rate using Google API

Full street address provided

Fruit and vegetable

 Ministry for Primary Industries (2017)

 Territorial Authorities (2013–2015)

Extracted based on propriety classifications provided by MPI/TA and business name (includes fruit/vegetable stores, produce retailers, green grocers)

 Geocoded to address level

 98% match rate using Google API

Full street address provided

Physical activity facilities

 Territorial Authorities

(2013–2015)

 Zenbu Directory (2006–2017)

Extracted based on propriety classifications provided by TA/Zenbu (includes gym, fitness centre, sports hall, tennis, rugby, swimming, soccer, bowls, golf, hockey, cricket, martial arts, rowing)

Activity facilities: facilities where physical activity is the main purpose:

Geocoded to address level

98% match rate using Google API

Location of activity facilities only. Does not contain sports parks due to their similarity with green space

Not systematically registered through government bodies

Alcohol outlets

 Alcohol Regulatory and Licensing Authority (ARLA) (2015–2018)

 Licence register

Extracted based on proprietary classifications provided by ARLA

Alcohol outlets: in NZ the sale of alcohol to the public requires the seller to have a licence

Geocoded to address level

92% match rate achieved in ArcGIS geocoding which were correct to the CAU level

x, y coordinate provided

Alcohol outlet address data had a high prevalence of missing data which required manual processing

Gaming facilities

 2018 Department of Internal Affairs register

Extracted based on proprietary classification in register for all licenced gaming venues

Defined consistent with the Department of Internal Affairs register

Data were geocoded using Google Maps Geocoding API through R and ggmap package (98% match rate)

Full street address provided

Green spaces

 Extracted in March 2019 from Land Cover Database (LCDB) V5.0

Extracted based on proprietary classifications in LCDB

Indigenous Forest, Mangrove, Exotic Forest, Gorse and/or Broom, Deciduous Hardwoods, Manuka and/or Kanuka,Urban Parkland/Open Space, Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods, Matagouri or Grey Scrub, Sub Alpine Shrubland, Fernland, Herbaceous Saline Vegetation, Mixed Exotic Shrubland, Alpine Grass/Herbfield, Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation, Flaxland

Official layer extracted from the New Zealand Land Cover Database Version 5.0

N/A

Blue spaces

 Extracted in March 2019 from Land Cover Database (LCBD) V5.0 and WaterAreas Topo50

Extracted based on proprietary classifications in LCDB

Lake or Pond, River, Estuarine Open Water, Lake, Lagoon, Reservoir, Pond, and Canal, including coastline

Official layer extracted from the New Zealand Land Cover Database Version 5.0

N/A