Differences in depressive symptoms by rurality in Japan: a cross-sectional multilevel study using different aggregation units of municipalities and neighborhoods (JAGES)

Table 3 Prevalence ratios [95% confidence intervals] of depressive symptoms among men: the results of multilevel analysis

	Null	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Municipality-level factors
Population density (ref. highest)
High		1.10 [0.95,1.28]	1.09 [0.98,1.21]	1.09 [0.96,1.24]	1.08 [0.95,1.22]
Middle		0.99 [0.89,1.11]	0.94 [0.86,1.04]	1.04 [0.92,1.18]	1.07 [0.96,1.19]
Low		1.22 [1.15,1.30]	1.08 [0.99,1.18]	1.24 [1.14,1.36]	1.26 [1.18,1.35]
Lowest		1.16 [1.06,1.26]	0.96 [0.88,1.05]	1.20 [1.10,1.33]	1.16 [1.07,1.27]
Neighborhood-level factors
Time to the DID (ref. shortest)
Short		0.97 [0.88,1.06]	0.98 [0.90,1.06]	0.99 [0.90,1.09]	1.00 [0.93,1.08]
Middle		0.94 [0.86,1.04]	0.97 [0.91,1.04]	0.97 [0.90,1.04]	0.98 [0.91,1.05]
Long		0.91 [0.83,0.99]	0.92 [0.87,0.99]	0.94 [0.87,1.02]	0.96 [0.89,1.04]
Longest		0.90 [0.81,1.00]	0.89 [0.83,0.96]	1.00 [0.90,1.10]	0.96 [0.88,1.06]
Community social capital
Civic participation			0.87 [0.85,0.90]
Social cohesion				0.88 [0.86,0.90]
Reciprocity					0.90 [0.88,0.91]
Individual-level factors
Age (ref. 65–74)
75–84		1.13 [1.09,1.17]	1.13 [1.09,1.17]	1.13 [1.10,1.17]	1.13 [1.09,1.17]
≥ 85		1.38 [1.30,1.48]	1.39 [1.31,1.49]	1.40 [1.32,1.49]	1.39 [1.30,1.48]
Random-effect part of the model
Between municipality variance^a	0.016 (0.004)	0.009 (0.003)	0.005 (0.002)	0.007 (0.003)	0.007 (0.002)
Median rate ratio	1.13	1.10	1.07	1.09	1.08
Between neighborhood variance^a	0.002(0.002)	0.001(0.002)	0.000(0.000)	0.000(0.000)	0.000(0.000)
Median rate ratio	1.04	1.03	1.00	1.00	1.00

ISSN: 1476-072X