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Table 3 Prevalence ratios [95% confidence intervals] of depressive symptoms among men: the results of multilevel analysis

From: Differences in depressive symptoms by rurality in Japan: a cross-sectional multilevel study using different aggregation units of municipalities and neighborhoods (JAGES)

 

Null

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Municipality-level factors

 Population density (ref. highest)

  High

 

1.10 [0.95,1.28]

1.09 [0.98,1.21]

1.09 [0.96,1.24]

1.08 [0.95,1.22]

  Middle

 

0.99 [0.89,1.11]

0.94 [0.86,1.04]

1.04 [0.92,1.18]

1.07 [0.96,1.19]

  Low

 

1.22 [1.15,1.30]

1.08 [0.99,1.18]

1.24 [1.14,1.36]

1.26 [1.18,1.35]

  Lowest

 

1.16 [1.06,1.26]

0.96 [0.88,1.05]

1.20 [1.10,1.33]

1.16 [1.07,1.27]

Neighborhood-level factors

 Time to the DID (ref. shortest)

  Short

 

0.97 [0.88,1.06]

0.98 [0.90,1.06]

0.99 [0.90,1.09]

1.00 [0.93,1.08]

  Middle

 

0.94 [0.86,1.04]

0.97 [0.91,1.04]

0.97 [0.90,1.04]

0.98 [0.91,1.05]

  Long

 

0.91 [0.83,0.99]

0.92 [0.87,0.99]

0.94 [0.87,1.02]

0.96 [0.89,1.04]

  Longest

 

0.90 [0.81,1.00]

0.89 [0.83,0.96]

1.00 [0.90,1.10]

0.96 [0.88,1.06]

 Community social capital

  

  Civic participation

  

0.87 [0.85,0.90]

  

  Social cohesion

   

0.88 [0.86,0.90]

 

  Reciprocity

    

0.90 [0.88,0.91]

Individual-level factors

     

 Age (ref. 65–74)

     

  75–84

 

1.13 [1.09,1.17]

1.13 [1.09,1.17]

1.13 [1.10,1.17]

1.13 [1.09,1.17]

  ≥ 85

 

1.38 [1.30,1.48]

1.39 [1.31,1.49]

1.40 [1.32,1.49]

1.39 [1.30,1.48]

Random-effect part of the model

 Between municipality variancea

0.016 (0.004)

0.009 (0.003)

0.005 (0.002)

0.007 (0.003)

0.007 (0.002)

Median rate ratio

1.13

1.10

1.07

1.09

1.08

 Between neighborhood variancea

0.002(0.002)

0.001(0.002)

0.000(0.000)

0.000(0.000)

0.000(0.000)

Median rate ratio

1.04

1.03

1.00

1.00

1.00

  1.  aStandard errors in parentheses