Fig. 1

Percentage changes in A distances travelled and B population movement (flows) of Facebook users in the UK and within C UK NUTS level 1 regions. The black line in panels A and B is the UK average. Other line colours in panels A and B refer to the NUTS level 1 regions in panel C. Journeys included are those made that begin during 00:00–08:00 and end during 08:00–16:00 on weekdays between March 10th 2020 and March 9th 2021. See Additional file 3: Fig. S2 and S3 for alternative time periods and weekends. The change is relative to a pre-COVID baseline (see Methods for details). Regions follow NUTS level 1 ultra-generalised clipped boundaries in the UK [30]. In panel C we have highlighted the location of major cities within the UK